Army 91J (Quartermaster & Chemical Equipment Repairer) to Civilian: Complete Career Transition Guide (2025 Salary Data)

Bottom Line Up Front

Army 91J Quartermaster and Chemical Equipment Repairers—you didn't just fix heaters and pumps. You maintained complex water purification systems, reverse osmosis units, laundry equipment, decontamination systems, forced-air heaters, and chemical protection equipment that kept soldiers alive and operational in extreme environments. Your diagnostic troubleshooting, hydraulic and pneumatic systems expertise, electrical system repair, preventive maintenance discipline, and ability to work under pressure with zero room for error make you exactly what civilian industries need. Realistic first-year salaries range from $45,000-$55,000 in HVAC or industrial maintenance roles, scaling to $65,000-$85,000 with EPA certifications and experience in water treatment or specialized industrial systems. Senior technicians and facility maintenance supervisors can earn $85,000-$105,000+. You've got specialized skills—target the right industries.

Your 91J experience translates directly into five high-demand civilian career paths: HVAC technician (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems), water and wastewater treatment plant operator (municipal and industrial water systems), industrial maintenance technician (manufacturing facilities), facilities maintenance specialist (commercial buildings and campuses), and marine systems technician (maritime and offshore industries). All of these fields are experiencing technician shortages and actively recruiting veterans.

The timeline is realistic: 3-6 months to obtain required EPA 608 certification and land your first HVAC position at $45K-$55K; 12-18 months to complete wastewater operator training and earn $55K-$75K in municipal utilities; 2-3 years to build experience and reach $75K-$95K+ as a senior technician or maintenance supervisor. You've already done the hard part—you maintained mission-critical systems in hostile environments. Translating that to civilian credentials is the easy part.

What Does an Army 91J Do?

As a Quartermaster and Chemical Equipment Repairer, you supervised and performed field and sustainment maintenance on some of the Army's most specialized equipment. You diagnosed and repaired reverse osmosis water purification units (ROWPU), ensuring troops had clean drinking water in any environment. You maintained forced-air heaters and climate control systems, kept laundry equipment operational for hygiene operations, and serviced chemical decontamination equipment that protected soldiers from CBRN threats.

Your work included troubleshooting electrical systems, repairing hydraulic and pneumatic components, replacing pumps and valves, diagnosing sensor and control system failures, and performing preventive maintenance according to technical manuals. You worked on everything from small portable heaters to large-scale water treatment systems capable of producing thousands of gallons per day.

You didn't just turn wrenches—you read technical schematics, used diagnostic equipment, maintained accountability for sensitive equipment, trained junior soldiers, and ensured operational readiness during field exercises and deployments. When the water purification system failed or heaters quit working in sub-zero temperatures, commanders called you. That's problem-solving under pressure with real consequences.

Skills You've Developed

Technical Skills (Directly Transferable)

Hydraulic and pneumatic systems: You diagnosed and repaired pumps, valves, cylinders, compressors, and pressure regulation systems on water purification units and decontamination equipment—identical to industrial manufacturing and water treatment systems.

Electrical troubleshooting: You traced circuits, tested components with multimeters, replaced motors and controllers, and repaired power distribution systems—core skills for HVAC, facilities maintenance, and industrial electrician roles.

HVAC systems maintenance: You serviced forced-air heaters, climate control units, ventilation systems, and combustion equipment—direct preparation for commercial HVAC technician careers earning $50K-$80K.

Water treatment systems: You operated and maintained reverse osmosis units, filtration systems, chemical feed equipment, and water quality monitoring—exactly what municipal water and wastewater treatment operators do (median salary $62,740 in 2024).

Preventive maintenance programs: You followed technical manuals, documented maintenance actions, tracked service schedules, and ensured equipment reliability—the foundation of CMMS (computerized maintenance management systems) used across all industries.

Technical manual interpretation: You read and applied Army TMs, schematics, and wiring diagrams—translates directly to using manufacturer service manuals and blueprints in civilian maintenance roles.

Soft Skills (Equally Valuable)

Problem-solving under pressure: When critical systems failed during field operations, you diagnosed and fixed them fast—that's crisis management and troubleshooting agility that civilian employers desperately need.

Accountability and reliability: You maintained sensitive equipment worth hundreds of thousands of dollars and ensured operational readiness—civilian facilities managers and water treatment supervisors need that same sense of responsibility.

Adaptability: You worked in extreme heat, freezing cold, and austere environments with limited resources—civilian maintenance rarely matches that difficulty level.

Training and mentorship: You trained junior soldiers on equipment operation and maintenance procedures—preparation for senior technician and supervisor roles requiring team leadership.

Safety consciousness: You worked with hazardous materials, high-pressure systems, electrical components, and chemical equipment following strict safety protocols—critical for industrial and utilities careers requiring OSHA compliance.

Top Civilian Career Paths for 91J Veterans

HVAC Technician (Most Direct Path)

Civilian job titles:

HVAC Service Technician
Heating and Air Conditioning Mechanic
Commercial HVAC Technician
Industrial HVAC Specialist
Facilities Climate Control Technician
Refrigeration and HVAC Technician

Salary ranges (2024-2025 data):

Entry-level HVAC Technician (0-2 years): $40,000-$50,000
Experienced HVAC Technician (3-5 years): $50,000-$68,000
Senior HVAC Technician (5-10 years): $65,000-$85,000
HVAC Master Technician: $75,000-$95,000
HVAC Service Manager/Supervisor: $85,000-$110,000+

What translates directly: Your experience maintaining forced-air heaters, climate control systems, and combustion equipment maps perfectly to commercial HVAC work. Diagnosing electrical faults, replacing compressors and motors, testing controls, and performing preventive maintenance are identical skills.

Certifications needed:

EPA Section 608 Universal Certification (required by law—handles refrigerants): $150-$300, 2-day course, tests on Type I (small appliances), Type II (high-pressure), Type III (low-pressure), and Universal. MANDATORY for HVAC work.
HVAC Excellence or NATE Certification (industry-recognized technician credentials): $100-$300 per test. Strengthens hiring competitiveness.
OSHA 10 or OSHA 30: Safety training ($50-$200). Often required by commercial HVAC employers.
State contractor license (if pursuing self-employment): Requirements vary by state ($200-$1,000).

Companies actively hiring:

National HVAC contractors: Carrier, Trane, Johnson Controls, Lennox, Daikin, Goodman
Mechanical contractors: EMCOR Group, ACCO Engineered Systems, McKinstry, Southland Industries
Facilities services companies: CBRE, JLL (Jones Lang LaSalle), Cushman & Wakefield, ISS Facility Services
Retail HVAC services: Service Experts, One Hour Heating & Air Conditioning, Benjamin Franklin Plumbing + Air
Government and military installations: Base operations contractors (LOGCAP, AFCAP), federal facilities
Healthcare facilities: Major hospital systems nationwide (maintenance departments)
Universities and school districts: Facilities maintenance departments

Reality check: HVAC work is physical—you'll crawl through attics, work on rooftops, lift heavy equipment, and work in extreme temperatures. Summer and winter are peak seasons (long hours, emergency calls). But demand is high, pay is solid, and experienced techs are always in demand. Many companies offer company vehicles, tools, and benefits. Union HVAC positions (especially in major cities) can pay $80K-$100K+ with benefits.

Best for: 91Js who want to leverage heating system experience immediately, prefer hands-on technical work, and can handle physical demands and variable work schedules.

Water and Wastewater Treatment Plant Operator

Civilian job titles:

Water Treatment Plant Operator
Wastewater Treatment Operator
Water Quality Technician
Utilities Operations Specialist
Water Distribution System Operator
Industrial Water Treatment Technician

Salary ranges (2024-2025 data):

Entry-level Operator (Grade I/II): $40,000-$50,000
Experienced Operator (Grade III): $50,000-$65,000
Senior Operator (Grade IV): $60,000-$75,000
Chief Operator/Supervisor: $70,000-$90,000
Treatment Plant Manager: $80,000-$110,000+

What translates directly: Your ROWPU experience is gold. You operated water purification systems, monitored water quality, maintained pumps and filtration equipment, adjusted chemical feed systems, and ensured safe drinking water—exactly what municipal and industrial water treatment operators do. The systems are bigger, but the principles are identical.

Certifications needed:

State Water/Wastewater Operator License (required—varies by state, typically Grades I-IV based on system size and complexity): Free to $200 per exam. Grade I requires basic training; higher grades require experience and additional exams.
EPA Backflow Prevention Certification: $150-$400. Valuable for water distribution roles.
Process Control and Instrumentation Training: $500-$2,000. Strengthens technical skills for advanced operator positions.

Training timeline: Many states require 6-12 months on-the-job training before testing for Grade I license. Higher grades require 1-2 years of experience per level.

Companies and agencies actively hiring:

Municipal water and wastewater utilities: Every city and county operates water/wastewater plants (check local government job boards)
Private water utilities: American Water, Aqua America, California Water Service, Veolia Water
Industrial facilities: Oil refineries, chemical plants, pharmaceutical manufacturing, power plants (all operate water treatment systems)
Federal agencies: Bureau of Reclamation, Army Corps of Engineers, Department of Energy facilities
Mining and extraction: Rio Tinto, BHP, Freeport-McMoRan (water management for mining operations)
Contract operations companies: Veolia North America, Suez Water Technologies, Xylem, AECOM

Reality check: Water treatment jobs are stable, recession-proof, and often offer government benefits (pension, healthcare, vacation). Work schedules vary—some plants operate 24/7 requiring rotating shifts; others are day shifts. It's a technical career requiring constant learning (regulations change, systems evolve). Starting pay is moderate, but benefits and job security are excellent. Many operators retire from these positions after 20-30 years.

Best for: 91Js who want stability, government benefits, technical work with lower physical demands than HVAC, and mission-driven careers (providing clean water to communities).

Industrial Maintenance Technician

Civilian job titles:

Industrial Maintenance Mechanic
Plant Maintenance Technician
Manufacturing Equipment Technician
Facilities Maintenance Technician
Multi-Craft Maintenance Technician
Reliability Technician

Salary ranges (2024-2025 data):

Entry-level Industrial Maintenance Tech: $45,000-$55,000
Experienced Maintenance Tech (3-5 years): $55,000-$70,000
Senior Maintenance Tech/Specialist: $65,000-$85,000
Maintenance Supervisor: $75,000-$95,000
Maintenance Manager: $85,000-$115,000+

What translates directly: Industrial maintenance techs troubleshoot hydraulic systems, repair pneumatic equipment, maintain pumps and motors, diagnose electrical faults, and perform preventive maintenance—exactly what you did as a 91J. Manufacturing plants operate equipment similar to quartermaster systems: pumps, compressors, conveyors, climate control, and fluid handling systems.

Certifications valuable for this path:

Certified Maintenance & Reliability Technician (CMRT): Offered by SMRP (Society for Maintenance & Reliability Professionals), $395 exam fee. Industry-recognized credential.
Industrial Maintenance Technician Certification: Various providers (NIMS, MSSC), $300-$600.
OSHA 10/30 Safety Certifications: $50-$200. Often required for manufacturing environments.
Pneumatic and Hydraulic Systems Certifications: Technical schools and manufacturers offer specialized training ($500-$2,000).

Industries and companies hiring:

Food and beverage manufacturing: Coca-Cola, PepsiCo, Tyson Foods, Anheuser-Busch, General Mills, Kraft Heinz
Automotive manufacturing: GM, Ford, Stellantis, Toyota, Honda (assembly plants nationwide)
Chemical and pharmaceutical: Pfizer, Merck, Dow Chemical, DuPont, BASF, Johnson & Johnson
Packaging and distribution: Amazon fulfillment centers, UPS hubs, FedEx distribution facilities
Paper and pulp mills: International Paper, Georgia-Pacific, Weyerhaeuser
Steel and metals production: US Steel, Nucor, ArcelorMittal
Aerospace manufacturing: Boeing, Lockheed Martin, Northrop Grumman, General Dynamics

Reality check: Industrial maintenance can be physically demanding (climbing, lifting, confined spaces) and often requires shift work (nights, weekends, on-call rotations). But the pay is solid, overtime is common (often time-and-a-half or double-time), and manufacturing plants need maintenance 24/7. Union shops (UAW, IBEW, IAM) often pay $70K-$90K+ with excellent benefits. Advancement to supervisor and management roles is realistic with experience.

Best for: 91Js who want steady employment, don't mind shift work, prefer working indoors (mostly), and want opportunities for overtime income and career advancement.

Facilities Maintenance Specialist

Civilian job titles:

Facilities Maintenance Technician
Building Maintenance Engineer
Property Maintenance Technician
Campus Facilities Specialist
Critical Facilities Technician
Commercial Building Engineer

Salary ranges (2024-2025 data):

Entry-level Facilities Tech: $40,000-$50,000
Experienced Facilities Specialist: $50,000-$65,000
Senior Facilities Engineer: $60,000-$80,000
Facilities Maintenance Supervisor: $70,000-$90,000
Facilities Manager: $80,000-$110,000+

What translates directly: Facilities maintenance requires generalist skills—HVAC, plumbing, electrical, controls—which matches your 91J training perfectly. You maintain climate control systems, troubleshoot building equipment, respond to maintenance requests, and ensure facility systems operate reliably.

Certifications valuable:

Certified Facility Manager (CFM): Offered by IFMA (International Facility Management Association), $495-$595 exam. Mid-career credential for advancement to management.
Building Operator Certification (BOC): Energy-efficient building operations, $1,500-$2,500 for full program. Valued by large facilities.
EPA 608 Universal: Required for HVAC work ($150-$300).
Electrical certifications: State journeyman or limited electrical licenses strengthen capabilities.

Companies and organizations hiring:

Corporate facilities management: CBRE, JLL, Cushman & Wakefield, ISS Facility Services, ABM Industries, Sodexo
Healthcare systems: Major hospital networks (maintenance departments nationwide)
Higher education: Universities and colleges (facilities operations departments)
Government facilities: Federal buildings (GSA contracts), state facilities, military installations
Commercial real estate: Property management companies, office parks, data centers
Hospitality: Major hotel chains (Marriott, Hilton, Hyatt), resorts, casinos
Retail facilities: Walmart, Target, Home Depot (facilities maintenance at distribution centers and stores)

Reality check: Facilities work offers regular schedules (typically day shifts, though some require on-call), steady employment, and opportunities to work in corporate, healthcare, or educational settings. It's less physically demanding than HVAC or industrial maintenance but requires broader generalist knowledge. Pay varies significantly by location and facility type (data centers and hospitals pay more than basic office buildings). Benefits are typically strong, especially with large corporate employers or government/educational institutions.

Best for: 91Js who want regular hours, prefer working in professional environments (offices, hospitals, campuses), and enjoy variety (different systems and problems daily).

Marine and Offshore Systems Technician

Civilian job titles:

Marine Engine Mechanic
Maritime Systems Technician
Offshore Platform Technician
Commercial Fishing Vessel Mechanic
Oil Rig Maintenance Technician
Shipboard Engineer/Technician

Salary ranges (2024-2025 data):

Entry-level Marine Mechanic: $45,000-$55,000
Experienced Marine Technician: $55,000-$75,000
Offshore Oil Rig Technician: $70,000-$95,000
Senior Maritime Systems Tech: $75,000-$100,000+
Chief Engineer (merchant vessels): $90,000-$130,000+

What translates directly: Your quartermaster equipment experience—especially water purification, pumps, decontamination systems, and climate control—aligns with maritime maintenance roles. Ships, offshore platforms, and commercial fishing vessels operate water treatment systems, HVAC, hydraulic equipment, and specialized systems requiring your skill set.

Certifications needed:

USCG Merchant Mariner Credential (MMC): Required for shipboard work. Entry-level ratings start at $200-$500 depending on endorsements.
TWIC (Transportation Worker Identification Credential): Required for port and maritime facility access, $125-$150.
Marine engine manufacturer certifications: Caterpillar Marine, Cummins Marine, Volvo Penta ($500-$2,000 per manufacturer).
Offshore safety training: BOSIET (Basic Offshore Safety Induction and Emergency Training) for oil rig work ($1,500-$2,500).

Industries and companies hiring:

Offshore oil and gas: Halliburton, Schlumberger, Transocean, Noble Corporation, Diamond Offshore
Commercial shipping: Maersk, MSC, Crowley Maritime, Matson
Fishing industry: Commercial fishing companies (Alaska, Pacific Northwest, Gulf Coast)
Passenger vessels: Cruise lines (Carnival, Royal Caribbean, Norwegian), ferries, tour boats
Port operations: Port authorities, ship repair yards, dry dock facilities
Oceanographic research: NOAA vessels, university research ships, offshore survey companies

Reality check: Marine work often requires extended time away from home (weeks or months on vessels or offshore platforms). Offshore oil rig technicians work rotations like 14 days on/14 days off or 28 days on/28 days off—long hours but extended time off. Pay is strong, especially offshore, and room/board are provided during work rotations. It's physically demanding and requires tolerance for confined spaces, motion (seasickness), and isolation. But for those who enjoy it, the pay, time off, and unique work environment are rewarding.

Best for: 91Js who are willing to work rotational schedules, don't mind extended time away from home, want higher pay, and are interested in maritime or offshore industries.

Required Certifications & Training

Here's what's worth your time and GI Bill benefits:

High Priority (Get These First)

EPA Section 608 Universal Certification – Required by federal law for HVAC technicians handling refrigerants. Covers Type I (small appliances), Type II (high-pressure systems), Type III (low-pressure systems), and Universal (all types). Cost: $150-$300. Time: 2-day course + exam. Value: MANDATORY for HVAC careers—you can't legally work with refrigerants without it. ROI: Immediate—unlocks $45K-$80K HVAC careers.

State Water/Wastewater Operator License (Grade I) – Required to operate water treatment facilities. Cost: $50-$200 for exam (study materials often free from state agencies). Time: 2-4 weeks study, exam is 3-4 hours. Value: Entry into stable, recession-proof water treatment careers paying $45K-$65K starting. ROI: Opens municipal utility jobs with government benefits and pensions.

OSHA 10 or OSHA 30-Hour Safety Training – Demonstrates safety knowledge for industrial, construction, and facilities maintenance roles. Cost: $50-$200. Time: 10 or 30 hours (online or in-person). Value: Often required or strongly preferred by manufacturers, contractors, and facilities. ROI: Improves hiring competitiveness across all technical maintenance fields.

Medium Priority (Valuable for Career Advancement)

HVAC Excellence or NATE Certification – Industry-recognized HVAC technician credentials covering installation, service, and system types (heat pumps, gas furnaces, air conditioning). Cost: $100-$300 per exam. Time: 3-6 months experience recommended before testing. Value: Differentiates you from uncertified techs; many employers pay certification bonuses. ROI: Increases earning potential $5K-$10K annually.

Certified Maintenance & Reliability Technician (CMRT) – Credential from SMRP covering industrial maintenance, reliability principles, and equipment management. Cost: $395 for exam. Time: Study 2-3 months; exam is 3 hours. Value: Recognized across manufacturing industries; demonstrates professionalism and technical knowledge. ROI: Opens doors to senior technician roles paying $65K-$85K+.

Water Treatment Plant Operator Advanced Licenses (Grades II-IV) – Higher-grade licenses based on experience and system complexity. Cost: $50-$200 per exam. Time: Requires 1-2 years experience per grade level. Value: Required for advancement to senior operator and supervisor roles. ROI: Each grade level typically adds $5K-$10K in salary.

Electrical Certifications – State-specific journeyman or limited electrical licenses. Cost: $200-$1,000 depending on state; requires apprenticeship hours. Time: 2-4 years apprenticeship for journeyman. Value: Greatly expands capabilities and earning potential in facilities and industrial maintenance. ROI: Journeyman electricians earn $60K-$90K+; combining with mechanical skills is highly valuable.

Lower Priority (Nice to Have, Situation-Dependent)

Certified Facility Manager (CFM) – IFMA certification for facilities management professionals. Cost: $495-$595. Time: Requires 3-5 years experience; exam is 3.5 hours. Value: Career credential for advancement into facilities management roles. ROI: Opens management positions paying $80K-$110K+ but requires significant experience first.

Pneumatic/Hydraulic Systems Certifications – Specialized training from manufacturers or technical schools. Cost: $500-$2,000. Value: Strengthens troubleshooting skills for industrial maintenance roles. ROI: Valuable but not mandatory; most employers provide on-the-job training.

Marine Engineer Certifications (USCG credentials) – Required for shipboard engineer roles. Cost: $200-$500+ depending on endorsements. Value: Mandatory for maritime career path. ROI: Opens unique maritime careers but requires commitment to that industry.

Companies Actively Hiring 91J Veterans

Here are 75+ companies and organizations currently hiring technicians with your skill set:

HVAC and Mechanical Contractors

Carrier Corporation
Trane Technologies
Johnson Controls
Lennox International
Daikin Applied
Goodman Manufacturing
EMCOR Group
ACCO Engineered Systems
McKinstry
Southland Industries
Service Experts (home services)
One Hour Heating & Air Conditioning
Benjamin Franklin Plumbing + Air
CBRE (facilities services)
JLL - Jones Lang LaSalle
Cushman & Wakefield
ISS Facility Services
ABM Industries

Water and Wastewater Utilities

American Water
Aqua America
California Water Service
Veolia Water Technologies
Suez Water Technologies & Solutions
Xylem Inc.
AECOM (water infrastructure)
Jacobs Engineering (utilities)
Municipal utilities nationwide (check city/county job boards)

Industrial Maintenance and Manufacturing

General Motors
Ford Motor Company
Stellantis (Chrysler)
Toyota Manufacturing
Honda Manufacturing
Coca-Cola Bottling Companies
PepsiCo Manufacturing
Anheuser-Busch InBev
Tyson Foods
General Mills
Kraft Heinz
Pfizer Manufacturing
Merck Manufacturing
Johnson & Johnson
Dow Chemical
DuPont
BASF Corporation
International Paper
Georgia-Pacific
Weyerhaeuser
US Steel
Nucor Corporation

Facilities and Property Management

Amazon (fulfillment centers)
Walmart (distribution and facilities)
Target Corporation
Home Depot (distribution facilities)
UPS (facilities maintenance)
FedEx (facilities operations)
Major hospital systems (facilities departments nationwide)
University facilities departments (all major universities)
Marriott International
Hilton Hotels & Resorts
Hyatt Hotels Corporation

Maritime and Offshore

Halliburton
Schlumberger
Transocean
Noble Corporation
Maersk Line
Crowley Maritime
Matson Navigation
Carnival Cruise Line
Royal Caribbean
Norwegian Cruise Line

Government and Defense Contractors

LOGCAP support contractors (base operations)
AECOM (federal facilities)
Vectrus (military installation support)
KBR (government services)
Fluor Corporation (government projects)

Use USAJOBS.gov for federal civilian positions and check company career pages directly. Many companies have veteran hiring programs and offer apprenticeships or paid training for qualified military technicians.

Salary Expectations by Experience Level

Entry-Level (0-2 years civilian experience):

HVAC Technician: $40,000-$50,000
Water Treatment Operator (Grade I): $40,000-$50,000
Facilities Maintenance Tech: $40,000-$50,000
Industrial Maintenance Tech: $45,000-$55,000
Marine Mechanic: $45,000-$55,000

Mid-Career (3-7 years experience, certifications):

HVAC Technician (EPA certified, NATE): $55,000-$75,000
Water Treatment Operator (Grade III): $55,000-$70,000
Facilities Specialist: $55,000-$70,000
Industrial Maintenance Tech (multi-craft): $60,000-$80,000
Offshore Technician: $70,000-$90,000

Senior/Supervisor (8-15 years experience):

HVAC Master Technician/Supervisor: $75,000-$95,000
Chief Water Treatment Operator: $70,000-$90,000
Facilities Maintenance Supervisor: $70,000-$90,000
Industrial Maintenance Supervisor: $75,000-$95,000
Chief Marine Engineer: $85,000-$110,000

Management (15+ years, leadership roles):

HVAC Service Manager: $85,000-$110,000+
Water Treatment Plant Manager: $85,000-$110,000+
Facilities Manager: $85,000-$115,000+
Maintenance Manager (manufacturing): $90,000-$125,000+

Geographic Salary Variations

Highest-paying states for HVAC/maintenance techs:

Alaska: $61,000-$95,000 (high cost of living, extreme climates, remote work)
California: $55,000-$90,000 (union jobs, major cities)
Massachusetts: $55,000-$85,000 (Boston area)
Wyoming: $50,000-$80,000 (mining and energy industries)
Hawaii: $50,000-$85,000 (high cost of living, tourism)

Best cities for job opportunities and pay:

Houston, TX – Energy, chemical plants, refineries
Phoenix, AZ – Construction boom, data centers
Denver, CO – Growing infrastructure
Dallas-Fort Worth, TX – Manufacturing, facilities
Las Vegas, NV – Hospitality, casino facilities
Salt Lake City, UT – Data centers, industrial growth
San Francisco Bay Area, CA – Tech facilities, high pay
Seattle, WA – Tech companies, maritime
Chicago, IL – Manufacturing, water utilities
Atlanta, GA – Distribution, facilities

Resume Translation for 91J Veterans

Stop writing "Quartermaster and Chemical Equipment Repairer" and assuming civilians understand. Translate your military experience:

Military Skill → Civilian Translation

"Maintained ROWPU systems" → "Operated and maintained reverse osmosis water purification systems producing 1,500+ gallons per hour; monitored water quality parameters and adjusted chemical treatment to ensure EPA compliance"

"Repaired forced-air heaters" → "Diagnosed and repaired commercial HVAC heating systems including combustion components, electrical controls, and ventilation equipment; performed preventive maintenance per manufacturer specifications"

"Performed electrical troubleshooting" → "Diagnosed electrical faults using multimeters and circuit testers; replaced motors, starters, relays, and control components; traced wiring and repaired power distribution systems"

"Maintained laundry equipment" → "Serviced industrial washing and drying equipment including motors, pumps, valves, and control systems; minimized downtime through preventive maintenance and rapid troubleshooting"

"Supervised maintenance operations" → "Led 4-person maintenance team performing field repairs on specialized equipment; trained junior technicians on diagnostic procedures and safety protocols"

"Diagnosed hydraulic system failures" → "Troubleshot hydraulic pumps, valves, cylinders, and pressure regulation systems; replaced seals, hoses, and fittings; restored equipment to operational status"

"Maintained chemical equipment" → "Serviced decontamination systems and chemical feed equipment; ensured proper operation of pumps, sensors, and safety interlocks per technical specifications"

"Performed technical inspections" → "Conducted preventive maintenance inspections on climate control, water treatment, and auxiliary equipment; documented findings and recommended corrective actions"

"Read technical manuals and schematics" → "Interpreted manufacturer service manuals, wiring diagrams, and hydraulic schematics to diagnose complex equipment failures and perform repairs"

"Maintained equipment accountability" → "Managed inventory and maintenance records for $500K+ in specialized equipment using tracking systems; ensured 100% accountability and readiness"

Transition Timeline: Your First 12 Months

Months 1-3: Assessment, Certifications, and Networking

Immediate actions (Week 1-2):

Obtain 10 certified copies of DD-214
Register for VA benefits and confirm GI Bill eligibility
Document your clearance level (if applicable) and security certifications
Create civilian resume translating 91J skills (hire military resume writer if needed—$150-$400)
Set up LinkedIn profile highlighting HVAC, water treatment, and maintenance skills
Join veteran employment groups (Hire Heroes USA, American Legion career programs)

Target certifications (Weeks 3-12):

EPA 608 Universal Certification (top priority for HVAC path): 2-day course, $150-$300. Pass all four sections (Core, Type I, II, III). Schedule immediately—many courses available weekly.
OSHA 10 or 30-Hour Safety Training: Online or in-person, $50-$200. Complete within first month.
Start studying for State Water Operator License (if targeting utilities): Free study guides available from state environmental agencies. Exam cost $50-$200.
Research state-specific requirements: Some states require apprenticeship registration for HVAC licensing—check Department of Labor resources.

Networking (ongoing):

Attend veteran job fairs (check Hiring Our Heroes events)
Contact local HVAC contractors, water utilities, and manufacturing facilities
Join skilled trades Facebook groups and forums
Visit local union halls (IBEW, IUPAT, UA) to learn about apprenticeship opportunities
Connect with 91J veterans on LinkedIn who successfully transitioned

Months 4-6: Job Search and Entry-Level Employment

Applications (apply to 20-30 positions):

Target entry-level HVAC technician, facilities maintenance, industrial maintenance, and water treatment roles
Use veteran job boards: Hire Heroes USA, RecruitMilitary, Military.com Veteran Jobs
Apply directly through company career pages (many have veteran preference)
Check USAJOBS.gov for federal civilian technician positions (GS-5 to GS-9, WG-10 to WG-12)
Contact staffing agencies specializing in skilled trades (Aerotek, TrueBlue, Tradesmen International)

Interview preparation:

Practice translating military experience to civilian language
Prepare examples using STAR method (Situation, Task, Action, Result)
Highlight EPA 608 certification and safety training immediately
Emphasize reliability, troubleshooting ability, and willingness to learn
Be ready to discuss technical scenarios (HVAC troubleshooting, system failures, electrical problems)

Accept first reasonable offer:

Entry-level pay of $40K-$50K is realistic for first civilian role
Focus on companies offering training, advancement, and skill development
Consider apprenticeship programs (paid training + earn credentials)
Union apprenticeships often start lower ($15-$18/hour) but lead to $70K-$90K journeyman positions

Months 7-12: Prove Yourself and Plan Next Steps

On the job:

Absorb everything—civilian systems, company processes, customer service expectations
Volunteer for challenging assignments and additional training
Build relationships with experienced technicians (they'll mentor you)
Document new skills and certifications earned
Seek manufacturer-specific training (Carrier, Trane, Lennox often offer free courses)

Continue education:

Complete additional certifications (NATE, state operator licenses, CMRT)
Use GI Bill for associate degree in HVAC Technology, Industrial Maintenance, or related field (strengthens long-term career)
Pursue employer-sponsored training opportunities
Join professional organizations (IFMA, SMRP, AWWA, trade-specific groups)

Financial goals:

Expect $40K-$50K first year (entry-level)
Target $50K-$65K by end of year two (with certifications and experience)
Plan for $65K-$80K by year three (senior technician or specialized roles)

Job Search Strategy

Best job boards for 91J veterans:

Indeed.com – Search "HVAC technician," "facilities maintenance," "water treatment operator," "industrial maintenance"
LinkedIn – Set job alerts; connect with hiring managers and recruiters
USAJOBS.gov – Federal positions (search "facilities maintenance," "utilities systems repairer," "HVAC mechanic")
Veteran-specific boards: Hire Heroes USA, RecruitMilitary, Military.com, Veteranjobs.com
Company career pages directly – Apply to top employers listed earlier
Local union halls – IBEW (electricians), UA (plumbers/pipefitters), IUPAT (painters/allied trades) often have HVAC apprenticeships

Networking strategies:

Attend skilled trades job fairs and union open houses
Visit local HVAC contractors and ask about veteran hiring (many are veteran-owned)
Contact facility managers at hospitals, universities, and corporate campuses (often hire directly)
Join trade-specific Facebook groups (HVAC techs, water operators, industrial maintenance)
Leverage military connections—fellow 91Js who transitioned successfully

Application tips:

Tailor resume to each job (emphasize HVAC for HVAC roles, water treatment for operator roles)
Highlight EPA 608 certification prominently on HVAC applications
Mention security clearance if applicable (valuable for defense contractors and federal positions)
Include OSHA training and safety certifications
Use civilian job titles in your resume summary (not "MOS 91J")

Cold-calling employers: Don't just apply online—call directly. "Hi, I'm a military veteran with experience maintaining water purification systems, HVAC equipment, and hydraulic systems. I just earned my EPA 608 certification and I'm looking for entry-level technician opportunities. Are you hiring?" Many smaller companies hire based on phone calls and walk-ins, not formal applications.

Interview Preparation

Practice answering these common questions for maintenance and technical roles:

Q: Tell me about your maintenance experience. A: "As an Army Quartermaster and Chemical Equipment Repairer, I maintained complex systems including reverse osmosis water purification units, forced-air heating systems, hydraulic equipment, and electrical components. I diagnosed failures using technical manuals and test equipment, performed preventive maintenance, and trained junior soldiers. I worked in field environments where equipment reliability was critical, so I developed strong troubleshooting skills and attention to detail."

Q: Describe a time you diagnosed and fixed a complex equipment failure. A: [Use STAR method] "During a field exercise, our water purification system stopped producing clean water—a critical issue for 200+ soldiers. I systematically tested components, identified a failed pressure sensor affecting the RO membrane, and replaced it using available parts. I restored the system to full operation within 3 hours, ensuring the unit had safe drinking water. This required reading technical schematics, using diagnostic tools, and working under pressure with a clear deadline."

Q: What do you know about HVAC systems? A: "I maintained forced-air heaters and climate control systems in the Army, which involved troubleshooting combustion components, electrical controls, blowers, and ventilation systems. I recently earned my EPA 608 Universal Certification, so I understand refrigeration cycles, refrigerant handling, and system diagnostics. I'm eager to expand my HVAC knowledge through on-the-job training and manufacturer certifications."

Q: How do you prioritize multiple maintenance requests? A: "I prioritize based on safety, mission impact, and urgency. Life-safety issues come first—anything affecting people's safety or health. Next are critical systems affecting operations. Then routine maintenance and non-urgent repairs. In the Army, we used this approach to keep equipment operational during deployments, and I'd apply the same logic to facility or plant maintenance."

Q: Describe your experience with preventive maintenance programs. A: "I followed Army technical manuals that specified maintenance intervals and inspection procedures. I documented all maintenance actions, tracked service schedules, and ensured equipment reliability through regular inspections and lubrication. I understand that preventive maintenance reduces costly breakdowns and extends equipment life—that's valuable to any facility or plant."

Q: What safety training do you have? A: "I completed OSHA 10-hour safety training and I'm trained in lockout/tagout procedures, electrical safety, confined space entry, and hazardous material handling from my military work with chemical equipment. Safety was non-negotiable in the Army, and I bring that same mindset to civilian work."

Q: Are you comfortable working on-call or rotating shifts? A: "Yes. In the Army, I worked field exercises, deployments, and irregular schedules. I'm accustomed to responding to equipment failures at any hour and working whatever schedule the mission requires. I understand that maintenance doesn't stop at 5 PM."

Q: What are your salary expectations? A: [Research local market rates first] "Based on my research, entry-level HVAC technicians in this area earn $42K-$52K. Given my experience maintaining HVAC, hydraulic, and electrical systems and my EPA 608 certification, I'm targeting the $45K-$50K range, but I'm flexible based on training opportunities and benefits."

Q: Why should we hire you over other candidates? A: "I bring proven troubleshooting skills, hands-on experience with HVAC and water systems, EPA 608 certification, and a strong work ethic. In the Army, equipment failure wasn't an option—I learned to diagnose problems efficiently and fix them right the first time. I'm reliable, safety-conscious, and I'm committed to learning your systems and processes quickly. I'm looking for a long-term career, not just a job."

Q: What are your career goals? A: "Short-term, I want to become a skilled [HVAC/facilities/water treatment] technician, earn additional certifications, and build a reputation for quality work. Long-term, I'm interested in advancing to senior technician or supervisor roles where I can mentor others and take on more responsibility. I'm committed to continuous learning and becoming an expert in this field."

Q: Do you have any questions for us? A: (Always ask questions—shows interest)

"What does a typical day look like for this position?"
"What manufacturer certifications or training opportunities do you offer?"
"How do you support professional development and advancement for technicians?"
"What are the biggest maintenance challenges your facility faces?"
"What's the on-call rotation for this role?"

Common Mistakes to Avoid

Mistake 1: Not getting EPA 608 certification before applying for HVAC jobs. You legally can't work with refrigerants without it. Get it first—it's quick, affordable, and mandatory. Many employers won't even interview you without it.

Mistake 2: Using military jargon in resumes and interviews. Don't say "ROWPU," "TM 10-4610," "DA Form," or "motor pool." Say "reverse osmosis water purification system," "technical service manual," "maintenance documentation," and "equipment repair facility." Translate everything to civilian language.

Mistake 3: Applying only online and never following up. Online applications disappear into black holes. Call employers directly, visit facilities in person (for smaller companies), and network. Many maintenance jobs are filled through referrals and direct contact, not job boards.

Mistake 4: Expecting military pay equivalency immediately. Army E-5 with 6 years makes $40K-$50K base pay (plus benefits). Entry-level civilian maintenance jobs pay similarly ($40K-$50K), but benefits vary. Don't let pride stop you from taking entry-level positions—you'll advance quickly with your skills.

Mistake 5: Not researching state and local licensing requirements. Some states require HVAC technician licenses or apprenticeship registration. Some water treatment facilities require state operator licenses. Research before you relocate or apply—requirements vary significantly by state.

Mistake 6: Ignoring union opportunities. IBEW, UA, and other unions offer paid apprenticeships leading to $70K-$90K+ journeyman positions. Don't dismiss union paths because apprentice pay starts lower—the long-term earning potential and benefits are excellent.

Mistake 7: Focusing only on "cool" jobs and ignoring stable, well-paying careers. Water treatment operators aren't glamorous, but they earn $55K-$75K with government benefits, pensions, and job security. Facilities maintenance isn't exciting, but it's steady work with regular hours. Don't overlook solid careers because they seem boring.

Success Stories: Real 91J Transitions

Carlos, 28, former 91J (E-5) → HVAC Technician → Service Manager

Carlos served 6 years, got out as a Sergeant. He immediately earned EPA 608 Universal certification ($250, 2-day course) and was hired by a regional HVAC contractor at $45K. He worked hard, earned NATE certifications, and was promoted to lead technician after 18 months ($62K). After 4 years, he became a service manager overseeing 12 technicians, earning $88K plus bonuses. He's bought a house, married, and has zero regrets about leaving active duty.

Lesson: Get EPA 608 immediately, work hard, and advancement happens fast in HVAC for reliable techs.

Jennifer, 32, former 91J (E-6) → Water Treatment Plant Operator → Chief Operator

Jennifer did 8 years including a deployment maintaining water purification systems. She applied to a municipal water utility, emphasizing her ROWPU experience. She was hired as a trainee operator at $44K. She earned her state Grade I license within 6 months, then Grade II a year later. After 5 years, she's now a Grade IV Chief Operator earning $78K with full government benefits, pension, and excellent work-life balance. She works day shifts and is home every night with her family.

Lesson: Water treatment operators have clear career paths and excellent benefits. ROWPU experience is gold for these roles.

Marcus, 35, former 91J (E-7) → Industrial Maintenance Supervisor

Marcus did 12 years and got out as a Sergeant First Class. He took an industrial maintenance technician job at a food manufacturing plant ($52K) and quickly proved himself as a troubleshooting expert. Within 2 years, he was promoted to maintenance supervisor overseeing a team of 8 techs, earning $82K with overtime potential. He's now pursuing a Lean Six Sigma Green Belt to prepare for maintenance manager roles ($100K+).

Lesson: Manufacturing plants need supervisors with leadership experience. Military NCOs transition well into maintenance management.

Education Options

Associate Degrees (Use GI Bill):

HVAC Technology (2 years, $0 with GI Bill): Comprehensive HVAC training plus certifications
Industrial Maintenance Technology (2 years): Multi-craft skills, PLCs, automation
Water Quality Technology (2 years): Water/wastewater operations, EPA regulations
Facilities Management (2 years): Building systems, energy management, operations

Value: Associate degrees strengthen long-term career prospects, especially for advancement to supervisor and management roles. Many employers pay degree bonuses ($2K-$5K annually). Use GI Bill—it's free education and training while you work.

Bachelor's Degrees (For management track):

Facilities Management (4 years): For facilities director/manager roles ($85K-$115K)
Engineering Technology (4 years): Broader technical careers, plant engineering
Industrial Technology/Management (4 years): Manufacturing leadership, operations management

Value: Bachelor's degrees open management and engineering roles but aren't necessary for technician careers. Consider pursuing part-time after establishing your career and determining long-term goals.

Apprenticeships (Earn while you learn):

Union HVAC apprenticeships (4-5 years): Paid training, lead to $70K-$90K journeyman positions
Electrician apprenticeships (4 years): IBEW programs, excellent pay and benefits
Industrial maintenance apprenticeships (2-4 years): Manufacturer-sponsored programs

Value: Apprenticeships provide paid training, guaranteed employment, and lead to skilled trades careers with strong earning potential. Perfect for veterans who want hands-on learning and steady paychecks.

Geographic Considerations

Top 10 Cities for 91J Skills (Job Availability + Pay)

Houston, TX – Energy capital, refineries, chemical plants, water utilities, HVAC demand (hot climate). Median HVAC tech salary $58K, industrial maintenance $62K.
Phoenix, AZ – Construction boom, data centers, HVAC-heavy due to extreme heat. Growing job market. Median HVAC salary $54K.
Denver, CO – Growing infrastructure, clean energy projects, water management focus. Median industrial maintenance salary $59K.
Dallas-Fort Worth, TX – Massive manufacturing and distribution hub, facilities demand. Median maintenance tech salary $56K.
Las Vegas, NV – Casino and hospitality facilities, HVAC demand. Median facilities tech salary $55K.
Anchorage, AK – Oil/gas industry, extreme climate HVAC needs, high pay. Median diesel/HVAC tech $68K+.
Salt Lake City, UT – Data centers, industrial growth, mining. Median maintenance salary $54K.
San Antonio, TX – Military installations, healthcare facilities, manufacturing. Median HVAC tech $52K.
Seattle, WA – Maritime industry, tech facilities, water utilities. Median maintenance tech $64K (higher cost of living).
Atlanta, GA – Distribution centers, corporate facilities, strong job market. Median facilities tech $53K.

States with Strong Demand and Pay

Alaska: Highest HVAC/diesel mechanic pay (remote work, oil/gas industry)
California: High wages (union jobs, cost of living), water utilities
Texas: Massive job availability (energy, manufacturing, construction)
Wyoming: Mining, energy, strong pay relative to cost of living
Colorado: Growing infrastructure, clean energy, outdoor recreation industry

Cost of Living Considerations

High-paying states like California, Massachusetts, and Washington have high costs of living. Texas, Arizona, and Georgia offer strong salaries with moderate living costs—better purchasing power.

Resources for 91J Veterans

Veteran Employment Organizations:

Hire Heroes USA (hireheroesusa.org) – Free career coaching, resume help, job matching
RecruitMilitary (recruitmilitary.com) – Veteran job fairs, career resources
Hiring Our Heroes (hiringourheroes.org) – U.S. Chamber of Commerce veteran employment initiative
American Corporate Partners (acp-usa.org) – Mentorship program connecting veterans with professionals

Trade and Professional Organizations:

HVAC Excellence (hvacexcellence.org) – Certifications, training resources, job board
AWWA (American Water Works Association) (awwa.org) – Water treatment careers, operator training, networking
SMRP (Society for Maintenance & Reliability Professionals) (smrp.org) – Industrial maintenance certifications, conferences
IFMA (International Facility Management Association) (ifma.org) – Facilities careers, certifications, job resources

Certification Bodies:

EPA 608 Certification – Search "EPA 608 certification [your city]" for local testing centers
NATE (North American Technician Excellence) (natex.org) – HVAC technician certifications
State Water Operator Associations – Each state has a water operator association offering training and exam prep

Financial Assistance:

GI Bill (va.gov/education) – Free education and training for certifications, degrees, apprenticeships
VA Vocational Rehabilitation (VR&E) – Career counseling, training assistance for veterans with service-connected disabilities
SkillBridge (dodskillbridge.usalearning.gov) – Last 180 days of service, work civilian apprenticeships while still on active duty

Next Steps: Your Action Plan

Here's what to do this week:

Day 1-2:

Obtain 10 certified copies of your DD-214
Sign up for VA benefits at va.gov
Create a LinkedIn profile highlighting HVAC, water treatment, and maintenance skills

Day 3-4:

Research EPA 608 certification courses near you (schedule within 30 days)
Identify 5 local HVAC contractors, water utilities, or manufacturing plants
Create civilian resume translating 91J skills (use examples from this guide)

Day 5-7:

Apply to 10 entry-level technician jobs (HVAC, facilities, water treatment, industrial maintenance)
Join veteran employment organizations (Hire Heroes USA, RecruitMilitary)
Connect with 20+ 91J veterans or maintenance professionals on LinkedIn

Week 2-4:

Complete EPA 608 Universal Certification (if targeting HVAC)
Complete OSHA 10 or 30-Hour Safety Training
Start studying for state water operator license (if targeting utilities)
Attend veteran job fair or union open house
Apply to 20+ additional positions

Month 2-3:

Conduct 5+ job interviews
Visit local employers in person (smaller HVAC companies, facilities)
Accept first reasonable offer ($40K-$50K entry-level)
Begin working and absorbing civilian maintenance practices

You've maintained critical life-support systems in hostile environments. You kept soldiers alive and missions operational. Civilian HVAC, water treatment, and facilities maintenance are easier—but they need your skills desperately.

The jobs are out there. The pay is solid. The certifications are affordable and fast.

Execute the plan.

Ready to start your transition? Use the career planning tools at Military Transition Toolkit to map your skills, research companies, and track your certifications.

Bottom Line Up Front

What Does an Army 91J Do?

Skills You've Developed

Technical Skills (Directly Transferable)

Soft Skills (Equally Valuable)

Adaptability: You worked in extreme heat, freezing cold, and austere environments with limited resources—civilian maintenance rarely matches that difficulty level.

Training and mentorship: You trained junior soldiers on equipment operation and maintenance procedures—preparation for senior technician and supervisor roles requiring team leadership.

Top Civilian Career Paths for 91J Veterans

HVAC Technician (Most Direct Path)

Civilian job titles:

HVAC Service Technician
Heating and Air Conditioning Mechanic
Commercial HVAC Technician
Industrial HVAC Specialist
Facilities Climate Control Technician
Refrigeration and HVAC Technician

Salary ranges (2024-2025 data):

Entry-level HVAC Technician (0-2 years): $40,000-$50,000
Experienced HVAC Technician (3-5 years): $50,000-$68,000
Senior HVAC Technician (5-10 years): $65,000-$85,000
HVAC Master Technician: $75,000-$95,000
HVAC Service Manager/Supervisor: $85,000-$110,000+

Certifications needed:

EPA Section 608 Universal Certification (required by law—handles refrigerants): $150-$300, 2-day course, tests on Type I (small appliances), Type II (high-pressure), Type III (low-pressure), and Universal. MANDATORY for HVAC work.
HVAC Excellence or NATE Certification (industry-recognized technician credentials): $100-$300 per test. Strengthens hiring competitiveness.
OSHA 10 or OSHA 30: Safety training ($50-$200). Often required by commercial HVAC employers.
State contractor license (if pursuing self-employment): Requirements vary by state ($200-$1,000).

Companies actively hiring:

National HVAC contractors: Carrier, Trane, Johnson Controls, Lennox, Daikin, Goodman
Mechanical contractors: EMCOR Group, ACCO Engineered Systems, McKinstry, Southland Industries
Facilities services companies: CBRE, JLL (Jones Lang LaSalle), Cushman & Wakefield, ISS Facility Services
Retail HVAC services: Service Experts, One Hour Heating & Air Conditioning, Benjamin Franklin Plumbing + Air
Government and military installations: Base operations contractors (LOGCAP, AFCAP), federal facilities
Healthcare facilities: Major hospital systems nationwide (maintenance departments)
Universities and school districts: Facilities maintenance departments

Best for: 91Js who want to leverage heating system experience immediately, prefer hands-on technical work, and can handle physical demands and variable work schedules.

Water and Wastewater Treatment Plant Operator

Civilian job titles:

Water Treatment Plant Operator
Wastewater Treatment Operator
Water Quality Technician
Utilities Operations Specialist
Water Distribution System Operator
Industrial Water Treatment Technician

Salary ranges (2024-2025 data):

Entry-level Operator (Grade I/II): $40,000-$50,000
Experienced Operator (Grade III): $50,000-$65,000
Senior Operator (Grade IV): $60,000-$75,000
Chief Operator/Supervisor: $70,000-$90,000
Treatment Plant Manager: $80,000-$110,000+

Certifications needed:

State Water/Wastewater Operator License (required—varies by state, typically Grades I-IV based on system size and complexity): Free to $200 per exam. Grade I requires basic training; higher grades require experience and additional exams.
EPA Backflow Prevention Certification: $150-$400. Valuable for water distribution roles.
Process Control and Instrumentation Training: $500-$2,000. Strengthens technical skills for advanced operator positions.

Training timeline: Many states require 6-12 months on-the-job training before testing for Grade I license. Higher grades require 1-2 years of experience per level.

Companies and agencies actively hiring:

Municipal water and wastewater utilities: Every city and county operates water/wastewater plants (check local government job boards)
Private water utilities: American Water, Aqua America, California Water Service, Veolia Water
Industrial facilities: Oil refineries, chemical plants, pharmaceutical manufacturing, power plants (all operate water treatment systems)
Federal agencies: Bureau of Reclamation, Army Corps of Engineers, Department of Energy facilities
Mining and extraction: Rio Tinto, BHP, Freeport-McMoRan (water management for mining operations)
Contract operations companies: Veolia North America, Suez Water Technologies, Xylem, AECOM

Best for: 91Js who want stability, government benefits, technical work with lower physical demands than HVAC, and mission-driven careers (providing clean water to communities).

Industrial Maintenance Technician

Civilian job titles:

Industrial Maintenance Mechanic
Plant Maintenance Technician
Manufacturing Equipment Technician
Facilities Maintenance Technician
Multi-Craft Maintenance Technician
Reliability Technician

Salary ranges (2024-2025 data):

Entry-level Industrial Maintenance Tech: $45,000-$55,000
Experienced Maintenance Tech (3-5 years): $55,000-$70,000
Senior Maintenance Tech/Specialist: $65,000-$85,000
Maintenance Supervisor: $75,000-$95,000
Maintenance Manager: $85,000-$115,000+

Certifications valuable for this path:

Certified Maintenance & Reliability Technician (CMRT): Offered by SMRP (Society for Maintenance & Reliability Professionals), $395 exam fee. Industry-recognized credential.
Industrial Maintenance Technician Certification: Various providers (NIMS, MSSC), $300-$600.
OSHA 10/30 Safety Certifications: $50-$200. Often required for manufacturing environments.
Pneumatic and Hydraulic Systems Certifications: Technical schools and manufacturers offer specialized training ($500-$2,000).

Industries and companies hiring:

Food and beverage manufacturing: Coca-Cola, PepsiCo, Tyson Foods, Anheuser-Busch, General Mills, Kraft Heinz
Automotive manufacturing: GM, Ford, Stellantis, Toyota, Honda (assembly plants nationwide)
Chemical and pharmaceutical: Pfizer, Merck, Dow Chemical, DuPont, BASF, Johnson & Johnson
Packaging and distribution: Amazon fulfillment centers, UPS hubs, FedEx distribution facilities
Paper and pulp mills: International Paper, Georgia-Pacific, Weyerhaeuser
Steel and metals production: US Steel, Nucor, ArcelorMittal
Aerospace manufacturing: Boeing, Lockheed Martin, Northrop Grumman, General Dynamics

Best for: 91Js who want steady employment, don't mind shift work, prefer working indoors (mostly), and want opportunities for overtime income and career advancement.

Facilities Maintenance Specialist

Civilian job titles:

Facilities Maintenance Technician
Building Maintenance Engineer
Property Maintenance Technician
Campus Facilities Specialist
Critical Facilities Technician
Commercial Building Engineer

Salary ranges (2024-2025 data):

Entry-level Facilities Tech: $40,000-$50,000
Experienced Facilities Specialist: $50,000-$65,000
Senior Facilities Engineer: $60,000-$80,000
Facilities Maintenance Supervisor: $70,000-$90,000
Facilities Manager: $80,000-$110,000+

Certifications valuable:

Certified Facility Manager (CFM): Offered by IFMA (International Facility Management Association), $495-$595 exam. Mid-career credential for advancement to management.
Building Operator Certification (BOC): Energy-efficient building operations, $1,500-$2,500 for full program. Valued by large facilities.
EPA 608 Universal: Required for HVAC work ($150-$300).
Electrical certifications: State journeyman or limited electrical licenses strengthen capabilities.

Companies and organizations hiring:

Corporate facilities management: CBRE, JLL, Cushman & Wakefield, ISS Facility Services, ABM Industries, Sodexo
Healthcare systems: Major hospital networks (maintenance departments nationwide)
Higher education: Universities and colleges (facilities operations departments)
Government facilities: Federal buildings (GSA contracts), state facilities, military installations
Commercial real estate: Property management companies, office parks, data centers
Hospitality: Major hotel chains (Marriott, Hilton, Hyatt), resorts, casinos
Retail facilities: Walmart, Target, Home Depot (facilities maintenance at distribution centers and stores)

Best for: 91Js who want regular hours, prefer working in professional environments (offices, hospitals, campuses), and enjoy variety (different systems and problems daily).

Marine and Offshore Systems Technician

Civilian job titles:

Marine Engine Mechanic
Maritime Systems Technician
Offshore Platform Technician
Commercial Fishing Vessel Mechanic
Oil Rig Maintenance Technician
Shipboard Engineer/Technician

Salary ranges (2024-2025 data):

Entry-level Marine Mechanic: $45,000-$55,000
Experienced Marine Technician: $55,000-$75,000
Offshore Oil Rig Technician: $70,000-$95,000
Senior Maritime Systems Tech: $75,000-$100,000+
Chief Engineer (merchant vessels): $90,000-$130,000+

Certifications needed:

USCG Merchant Mariner Credential (MMC): Required for shipboard work. Entry-level ratings start at $200-$500 depending on endorsements.
TWIC (Transportation Worker Identification Credential): Required for port and maritime facility access, $125-$150.
Marine engine manufacturer certifications: Caterpillar Marine, Cummins Marine, Volvo Penta ($500-$2,000 per manufacturer).
Offshore safety training: BOSIET (Basic Offshore Safety Induction and Emergency Training) for oil rig work ($1,500-$2,500).

Industries and companies hiring:

Offshore oil and gas: Halliburton, Schlumberger, Transocean, Noble Corporation, Diamond Offshore
Commercial shipping: Maersk, MSC, Crowley Maritime, Matson
Fishing industry: Commercial fishing companies (Alaska, Pacific Northwest, Gulf Coast)
Passenger vessels: Cruise lines (Carnival, Royal Caribbean, Norwegian), ferries, tour boats
Port operations: Port authorities, ship repair yards, dry dock facilities
Oceanographic research: NOAA vessels, university research ships, offshore survey companies

Best for: 91Js who are willing to work rotational schedules, don't mind extended time away from home, want higher pay, and are interested in maritime or offshore industries.

Required Certifications & Training

Here's what's worth your time and GI Bill benefits:

High Priority (Get These First)

Medium Priority (Valuable for Career Advancement)

Lower Priority (Nice to Have, Situation-Dependent)

Companies Actively Hiring 91J Veterans

Here are 75+ companies and organizations currently hiring technicians with your skill set:

HVAC and Mechanical Contractors

Carrier Corporation
Trane Technologies
Johnson Controls
Lennox International
Daikin Applied
Goodman Manufacturing
EMCOR Group
ACCO Engineered Systems
McKinstry
Southland Industries
Service Experts (home services)
One Hour Heating & Air Conditioning
Benjamin Franklin Plumbing + Air
CBRE (facilities services)
JLL - Jones Lang LaSalle
Cushman & Wakefield
ISS Facility Services
ABM Industries

Water and Wastewater Utilities

American Water
Aqua America
California Water Service
Veolia Water Technologies
Suez Water Technologies & Solutions
Xylem Inc.
AECOM (water infrastructure)
Jacobs Engineering (utilities)
Municipal utilities nationwide (check city/county job boards)

Industrial Maintenance and Manufacturing

General Motors
Ford Motor Company
Stellantis (Chrysler)
Toyota Manufacturing
Honda Manufacturing
Coca-Cola Bottling Companies
PepsiCo Manufacturing
Anheuser-Busch InBev
Tyson Foods
General Mills
Kraft Heinz
Pfizer Manufacturing
Merck Manufacturing
Johnson & Johnson
Dow Chemical
DuPont
BASF Corporation
International Paper
Georgia-Pacific
Weyerhaeuser
US Steel
Nucor Corporation

Facilities and Property Management

Amazon (fulfillment centers)
Walmart (distribution and facilities)
Target Corporation
Home Depot (distribution facilities)
UPS (facilities maintenance)
FedEx (facilities operations)
Major hospital systems (facilities departments nationwide)
University facilities departments (all major universities)
Marriott International
Hilton Hotels & Resorts
Hyatt Hotels Corporation

Maritime and Offshore

Halliburton
Schlumberger
Transocean
Noble Corporation
Maersk Line
Crowley Maritime
Matson Navigation
Carnival Cruise Line
Royal Caribbean
Norwegian Cruise Line

Government and Defense Contractors

LOGCAP support contractors (base operations)
AECOM (federal facilities)
Vectrus (military installation support)
KBR (government services)
Fluor Corporation (government projects)

Salary Expectations by Experience Level

Entry-Level (0-2 years civilian experience):

HVAC Technician: $40,000-$50,000
Water Treatment Operator (Grade I): $40,000-$50,000
Facilities Maintenance Tech: $40,000-$50,000
Industrial Maintenance Tech: $45,000-$55,000
Marine Mechanic: $45,000-$55,000

Mid-Career (3-7 years experience, certifications):

HVAC Technician (EPA certified, NATE): $55,000-$75,000
Water Treatment Operator (Grade III): $55,000-$70,000
Facilities Specialist: $55,000-$70,000
Industrial Maintenance Tech (multi-craft): $60,000-$80,000
Offshore Technician: $70,000-$90,000

Senior/Supervisor (8-15 years experience):

HVAC Master Technician/Supervisor: $75,000-$95,000
Chief Water Treatment Operator: $70,000-$90,000
Facilities Maintenance Supervisor: $70,000-$90,000
Industrial Maintenance Supervisor: $75,000-$95,000
Chief Marine Engineer: $85,000-$110,000

Management (15+ years, leadership roles):

HVAC Service Manager: $85,000-$110,000+
Water Treatment Plant Manager: $85,000-$110,000+
Facilities Manager: $85,000-$115,000+
Maintenance Manager (manufacturing): $90,000-$125,000+

Geographic Salary Variations

Highest-paying states for HVAC/maintenance techs:

Alaska: $61,000-$95,000 (high cost of living, extreme climates, remote work)
California: $55,000-$90,000 (union jobs, major cities)
Massachusetts: $55,000-$85,000 (Boston area)
Wyoming: $50,000-$80,000 (mining and energy industries)
Hawaii: $50,000-$85,000 (high cost of living, tourism)

Best cities for job opportunities and pay:

Houston, TX – Energy, chemical plants, refineries
Phoenix, AZ – Construction boom, data centers
Denver, CO – Growing infrastructure
Dallas-Fort Worth, TX – Manufacturing, facilities
Las Vegas, NV – Hospitality, casino facilities
Salt Lake City, UT – Data centers, industrial growth
San Francisco Bay Area, CA – Tech facilities, high pay
Seattle, WA – Tech companies, maritime
Chicago, IL – Manufacturing, water utilities
Atlanta, GA – Distribution, facilities

Resume Translation for 91J Veterans

Stop writing "Quartermaster and Chemical Equipment Repairer" and assuming civilians understand. Translate your military experience:

Military Skill → Civilian Translation

"Supervised maintenance operations" → "Led 4-person maintenance team performing field repairs on specialized equipment; trained junior technicians on diagnostic procedures and safety protocols"

"Maintained chemical equipment" → "Serviced decontamination systems and chemical feed equipment; ensured proper operation of pumps, sensors, and safety interlocks per technical specifications"

"Read technical manuals and schematics" → "Interpreted manufacturer service manuals, wiring diagrams, and hydraulic schematics to diagnose complex equipment failures and perform repairs"

"Maintained equipment accountability" → "Managed inventory and maintenance records for $500K+ in specialized equipment using tracking systems; ensured 100% accountability and readiness"

Transition Timeline: Your First 12 Months

Months 1-3: Assessment, Certifications, and Networking

Immediate actions (Week 1-2):

Obtain 10 certified copies of DD-214
Register for VA benefits and confirm GI Bill eligibility
Document your clearance level (if applicable) and security certifications
Create civilian resume translating 91J skills (hire military resume writer if needed—$150-$400)
Set up LinkedIn profile highlighting HVAC, water treatment, and maintenance skills
Join veteran employment groups (Hire Heroes USA, American Legion career programs)

Target certifications (Weeks 3-12):

EPA 608 Universal Certification (top priority for HVAC path): 2-day course, $150-$300. Pass all four sections (Core, Type I, II, III). Schedule immediately—many courses available weekly.
OSHA 10 or 30-Hour Safety Training: Online or in-person, $50-$200. Complete within first month.
Start studying for State Water Operator License (if targeting utilities): Free study guides available from state environmental agencies. Exam cost $50-$200.
Research state-specific requirements: Some states require apprenticeship registration for HVAC licensing—check Department of Labor resources.

Networking (ongoing):

Attend veteran job fairs (check Hiring Our Heroes events)
Contact local HVAC contractors, water utilities, and manufacturing facilities
Join skilled trades Facebook groups and forums
Visit local union halls (IBEW, IUPAT, UA) to learn about apprenticeship opportunities
Connect with 91J veterans on LinkedIn who successfully transitioned

Months 4-6: Job Search and Entry-Level Employment

Applications (apply to 20-30 positions):

Target entry-level HVAC technician, facilities maintenance, industrial maintenance, and water treatment roles
Use veteran job boards: Hire Heroes USA, RecruitMilitary, Military.com Veteran Jobs
Apply directly through company career pages (many have veteran preference)
Check USAJOBS.gov for federal civilian technician positions (GS-5 to GS-9, WG-10 to WG-12)
Contact staffing agencies specializing in skilled trades (Aerotek, TrueBlue, Tradesmen International)

Interview preparation:

Practice translating military experience to civilian language
Prepare examples using STAR method (Situation, Task, Action, Result)
Highlight EPA 608 certification and safety training immediately
Emphasize reliability, troubleshooting ability, and willingness to learn
Be ready to discuss technical scenarios (HVAC troubleshooting, system failures, electrical problems)

Accept first reasonable offer:

Entry-level pay of $40K-$50K is realistic for first civilian role
Focus on companies offering training, advancement, and skill development
Consider apprenticeship programs (paid training + earn credentials)
Union apprenticeships often start lower ($15-$18/hour) but lead to $70K-$90K journeyman positions

Months 7-12: Prove Yourself and Plan Next Steps

On the job:

Absorb everything—civilian systems, company processes, customer service expectations
Volunteer for challenging assignments and additional training
Build relationships with experienced technicians (they'll mentor you)
Document new skills and certifications earned
Seek manufacturer-specific training (Carrier, Trane, Lennox often offer free courses)

Continue education:

Complete additional certifications (NATE, state operator licenses, CMRT)
Use GI Bill for associate degree in HVAC Technology, Industrial Maintenance, or related field (strengthens long-term career)
Pursue employer-sponsored training opportunities
Join professional organizations (IFMA, SMRP, AWWA, trade-specific groups)

Financial goals:

Expect $40K-$50K first year (entry-level)
Target $50K-$65K by end of year two (with certifications and experience)
Plan for $65K-$80K by year three (senior technician or specialized roles)

Job Search Strategy

Best job boards for 91J veterans:

Indeed.com – Search "HVAC technician," "facilities maintenance," "water treatment operator," "industrial maintenance"
LinkedIn – Set job alerts; connect with hiring managers and recruiters
USAJOBS.gov – Federal positions (search "facilities maintenance," "utilities systems repairer," "HVAC mechanic")
Veteran-specific boards: Hire Heroes USA, RecruitMilitary, Military.com, Veteranjobs.com
Company career pages directly – Apply to top employers listed earlier
Local union halls – IBEW (electricians), UA (plumbers/pipefitters), IUPAT (painters/allied trades) often have HVAC apprenticeships

Networking strategies:

Attend skilled trades job fairs and union open houses
Visit local HVAC contractors and ask about veteran hiring (many are veteran-owned)
Contact facility managers at hospitals, universities, and corporate campuses (often hire directly)
Join trade-specific Facebook groups (HVAC techs, water operators, industrial maintenance)
Leverage military connections—fellow 91Js who transitioned successfully

Application tips:

Tailor resume to each job (emphasize HVAC for HVAC roles, water treatment for operator roles)
Highlight EPA 608 certification prominently on HVAC applications
Mention security clearance if applicable (valuable for defense contractors and federal positions)
Include OSHA training and safety certifications
Use civilian job titles in your resume summary (not "MOS 91J")

Interview Preparation

Practice answering these common questions for maintenance and technical roles:

Q: Do you have any questions for us? A: (Always ask questions—shows interest)

"What does a typical day look like for this position?"
"What manufacturer certifications or training opportunities do you offer?"
"How do you support professional development and advancement for technicians?"
"What are the biggest maintenance challenges your facility faces?"
"What's the on-call rotation for this role?"

Common Mistakes to Avoid

Success Stories: Real 91J Transitions

Carlos, 28, former 91J (E-5) → HVAC Technician → Service Manager

Lesson: Get EPA 608 immediately, work hard, and advancement happens fast in HVAC for reliable techs.

Jennifer, 32, former 91J (E-6) → Water Treatment Plant Operator → Chief Operator

Lesson: Water treatment operators have clear career paths and excellent benefits. ROWPU experience is gold for these roles.

Marcus, 35, former 91J (E-7) → Industrial Maintenance Supervisor

Lesson: Manufacturing plants need supervisors with leadership experience. Military NCOs transition well into maintenance management.

Education Options

Associate Degrees (Use GI Bill):

HVAC Technology (2 years, $0 with GI Bill): Comprehensive HVAC training plus certifications
Industrial Maintenance Technology (2 years): Multi-craft skills, PLCs, automation
Water Quality Technology (2 years): Water/wastewater operations, EPA regulations
Facilities Management (2 years): Building systems, energy management, operations

Bachelor's Degrees (For management track):

Facilities Management (4 years): For facilities director/manager roles ($85K-$115K)
Engineering Technology (4 years): Broader technical careers, plant engineering
Industrial Technology/Management (4 years): Manufacturing leadership, operations management

Apprenticeships (Earn while you learn):

Union HVAC apprenticeships (4-5 years): Paid training, lead to $70K-$90K journeyman positions
Electrician apprenticeships (4 years): IBEW programs, excellent pay and benefits
Industrial maintenance apprenticeships (2-4 years): Manufacturer-sponsored programs

Geographic Considerations

Top 10 Cities for 91J Skills (Job Availability + Pay)

Houston, TX – Energy capital, refineries, chemical plants, water utilities, HVAC demand (hot climate). Median HVAC tech salary $58K, industrial maintenance $62K.
Phoenix, AZ – Construction boom, data centers, HVAC-heavy due to extreme heat. Growing job market. Median HVAC salary $54K.
Denver, CO – Growing infrastructure, clean energy projects, water management focus. Median industrial maintenance salary $59K.
Dallas-Fort Worth, TX – Massive manufacturing and distribution hub, facilities demand. Median maintenance tech salary $56K.
Las Vegas, NV – Casino and hospitality facilities, HVAC demand. Median facilities tech salary $55K.
Anchorage, AK – Oil/gas industry, extreme climate HVAC needs, high pay. Median diesel/HVAC tech $68K+.
Salt Lake City, UT – Data centers, industrial growth, mining. Median maintenance salary $54K.
San Antonio, TX – Military installations, healthcare facilities, manufacturing. Median HVAC tech $52K.
Seattle, WA – Maritime industry, tech facilities, water utilities. Median maintenance tech $64K (higher cost of living).
Atlanta, GA – Distribution centers, corporate facilities, strong job market. Median facilities tech $53K.

States with Strong Demand and Pay

Alaska: Highest HVAC/diesel mechanic pay (remote work, oil/gas industry)
California: High wages (union jobs, cost of living), water utilities
Texas: Massive job availability (energy, manufacturing, construction)
Wyoming: Mining, energy, strong pay relative to cost of living
Colorado: Growing infrastructure, clean energy, outdoor recreation industry

Cost of Living Considerations

High-paying states like California, Massachusetts, and Washington have high costs of living. Texas, Arizona, and Georgia offer strong salaries with moderate living costs—better purchasing power.

Resources for 91J Veterans

Veteran Employment Organizations:

Hire Heroes USA (hireheroesusa.org) – Free career coaching, resume help, job matching
RecruitMilitary (recruitmilitary.com) – Veteran job fairs, career resources
Hiring Our Heroes (hiringourheroes.org) – U.S. Chamber of Commerce veteran employment initiative
American Corporate Partners (acp-usa.org) – Mentorship program connecting veterans with professionals

Trade and Professional Organizations:

HVAC Excellence (hvacexcellence.org) – Certifications, training resources, job board
AWWA (American Water Works Association) (awwa.org) – Water treatment careers, operator training, networking
SMRP (Society for Maintenance & Reliability Professionals) (smrp.org) – Industrial maintenance certifications, conferences
IFMA (International Facility Management Association) (ifma.org) – Facilities careers, certifications, job resources

Certification Bodies:

EPA 608 Certification – Search "EPA 608 certification [your city]" for local testing centers
NATE (North American Technician Excellence) (natex.org) – HVAC technician certifications
State Water Operator Associations – Each state has a water operator association offering training and exam prep

Financial Assistance:

GI Bill (va.gov/education) – Free education and training for certifications, degrees, apprenticeships
VA Vocational Rehabilitation (VR&E) – Career counseling, training assistance for veterans with service-connected disabilities
SkillBridge (dodskillbridge.usalearning.gov) – Last 180 days of service, work civilian apprenticeships while still on active duty

Next Steps: Your Action Plan

Here's what to do this week:

Day 1-2:

Obtain 10 certified copies of your DD-214
Sign up for VA benefits at va.gov
Create a LinkedIn profile highlighting HVAC, water treatment, and maintenance skills

Day 3-4:

Research EPA 608 certification courses near you (schedule within 30 days)
Identify 5 local HVAC contractors, water utilities, or manufacturing plants
Create civilian resume translating 91J skills (use examples from this guide)

Day 5-7:

Apply to 10 entry-level technician jobs (HVAC, facilities, water treatment, industrial maintenance)
Join veteran employment organizations (Hire Heroes USA, RecruitMilitary)
Connect with 20+ 91J veterans or maintenance professionals on LinkedIn

Week 2-4:

Complete EPA 608 Universal Certification (if targeting HVAC)
Complete OSHA 10 or 30-Hour Safety Training
Start studying for state water operator license (if targeting utilities)
Attend veteran job fair or union open house
Apply to 20+ additional positions

Month 2-3:

Conduct 5+ job interviews
Visit local employers in person (smaller HVAC companies, facilities)
Accept first reasonable offer ($40K-$50K entry-level)
Begin working and absorbing civilian maintenance practices

The jobs are out there. The pay is solid. The certifications are affordable and fast.

Execute the plan.

Ready to start your transition? Use the career planning tools at Military Transition Toolkit to map your skills, research companies, and track your certifications.