Army 91F (Small Arms/Artillery Repairer) to Civilian: Your Complete Career Transition Roadmap (With Salary Data)

Bottom Line Up Front

Army 91F Small Arms/Artillery Repairers transitioning out—you're not just a gunsmith, you're a specialized weapons technician with firearms expertise, precision maintenance skills, armament systems knowledge, troubleshooting abilities, safety discipline, and proven experience maintaining mission-critical weapons systems. Your hands-on experience repairing rifles, pistols, machine guns, grenade launchers, and artillery weapons translates to specialized civilian careers in firearms manufacturing, law enforcement, defense contracting, and sporting goods industries. Realistic first-year salaries range from $40,000-$52,000 for entry-level gunsmiths or retail armorers, scaling to $60,000-$75,000+ with 3-5 years experience at firearms manufacturers or as law enforcement armorers. Top-tier master gunsmiths, defense contractor technicians, or custom firearms builders can earn $75,000-$100,000+. You've got specialized skills in a niche but passionate industry—deploy them strategically.

Let's address the elephant in the room

Every 91F separating hears the same concern: "Aren't gun industry jobs hard to find and don't they pay poorly?"

Here's the reality: The firearms industry is a $28 billion sector with consistent demand for qualified technicians. While it's true that retail gunsmith jobs start lower than other trades, specialized roles—firearms manufacturing, defense contractors, law enforcement armorers, custom builders—pay competitive wages. Your military weapons maintenance experience opens doors most civilian gunsmiths can't access.

You didn't just "clean guns." You:

Performed depot and organizational maintenance on M4/M16 rifles, M9/M17 pistols, M2 .50 cal machine guns, M249/M240 machine guns, M320 grenade launchers
Repaired and maintained artillery weapons systems (M119 howitzer, M777, M109 paladin)
Diagnosed malfunctions using technical manuals and diagnostic procedures
Replaced barrels, bolts, firing pins, extractors, and other critical components
Performed headspace and timing on crew-served weapons
Conducted test firing and function checks
Maintained detailed repair records and parts accountability
Used precision measurement tools (headspace gauges, timing gauges, micrometers)
Applied armorer-level expertise across multiple weapons platforms
Maintained security and accountability for sensitive military weapons

That's precision mechanics, technical troubleshooting, quality control, and weapons systems expertise. The civilian firearms world values those skills—but you need to target the right sectors where military weapons experience matters.

Best civilian career paths for 91F Small Arms/Artillery Repairers

Let's get specific. Here are the fields where 91Fs consistently land good jobs, with real 2024-2025 salary data.

Law enforcement/military armorer (best use of military experience)

Civilian job titles:

Law enforcement armorer
Police department armorer
Federal agency armorer
Military base armorer (civilian)
SWAT team armorer
Corrections facility armorer

Salary ranges:

Entry-level agency armorer: $45,000-$58,000
Experienced law enforcement armorer: $60,000-$75,000
Federal agency armorer (GS-9 to GS-11): $55,000-$80,000
Military installation armorer (civilian): $50,000-$70,000
Senior armorer/firearms instructor: $70,000-$85,000+

What translates directly:

M4/AR-15 platform expertise (most agencies use AR-15 variants)
Pistol maintenance (agencies use Glock, Sig Sauer, others)
Function checking and troubleshooting
Maintenance documentation and accountability
Safety protocols and procedures
Test firing and qualification support
Parts ordering and inventory management
Working with duty weapons (not custom builds)

Certifications needed:

Manufacturer armorer certifications (employer-provided or self-funded):
- Glock Armorer: $350-$500 (2-day course)
- Sig Sauer Armorer: $400-$600
- Smith & Wesson Armorer: $350-$500
- Colt/Remington AR-15 Armorer: $400-$600
NRA Gunsmithing certifications (optional but helpful): $500-$1,500
State gunsmith licenses (varies—some states require)
FFL (Federal Firearms License) (sometimes required): $200 for 3 years

Reality check: Law enforcement agencies (police departments, sheriff's offices, state police, federal agencies) need qualified armorers to maintain duty weapons. Your 91F experience with M4s and M9s translates DIRECTLY to AR-15 and Glock platforms agencies use.

Employers actively hiring former 91Fs:

Local police departments (city, county, state police)
Federal agencies (FBI, DEA, ATF, U.S. Marshals, CBP, Secret Service)
Military installations (civilian armorer positions supporting base ranges and units)
Corrections facilities (state and federal prisons—armory management)
State police/highway patrol (statewide agencies with large arsenals)

Law enforcement armorer roles offer:

Stable employment (government positions)
Excellent benefits (government health insurance, pensions)
Regular hours (typically Monday-Friday day shift)
Clean, secure work environment (agency armory)
Support firearms training (range operations, qualifications)
Mission-oriented culture (similar to military)

Pay varies by agency size. Large city police departments and federal agencies pay best ($60K-$80K). Small departments may combine armorer duties with other roles (range master, training officer) at lower pay ($45K-$58K).

Federal civilian positions (working as armorer on military bases or for federal agencies) offer GS pay scale with predictable raises and career progression.

Best for: 91Fs who want to continue working with military/duty weapons, value stable government employment, prefer mission-oriented environments, and want to support law enforcement or military operations.

Firearms manufacturing technician (production, best volume/benefits)

Civilian job titles:

Firearms assembly technician
Weapons manufacturing tech
Firearms production worker
Quality control inspector (firearms)
CNC operator (firearms)
Firearms tester

Salary ranges:

Entry-level firearms assembler: $35,000-$45,000
Experienced manufacturing tech: $45,000-$58,000
CNC machinist (firearms): $55,000-$72,000
Quality inspector: $50,000-$65,000
Production supervisor: $65,000-$85,000+

What translates directly:

Firearms assembly and disassembly
Quality inspection and function checking
Understanding of firearms mechanisms
Test firing procedures
Safety protocols
Precision work and attention to detail
Technical documentation

Certifications needed:

Manufacturer-specific training (employer-provided)
CNC operation/programming (if pursuing machining): $1,000-$3,000
Quality control certifications (varies by manufacturer)
OSHA 10 (manufacturing safety): $50-$100

Reality check: Major firearms manufacturers employ hundreds to thousands of workers. Your 91F background demonstrates firearms knowledge and military discipline—exactly what manufacturers want.

Major firearms manufacturers:

Sig Sauer (New Hampshire—pistols, rifles): $45K-$65K
Smith & Wesson (Massachusetts, Tennessee—revolvers, pistols, rifles): $42K-$60K
Ruger (Connecticut, North Carolina, Arizona—diverse product line): $40K-$58K
Springfield Armory (Illinois—pistols, rifles): $42K-$60K
Remington/Marlin (multiple locations—rifles, shotguns): $40K-$58K
Glock (Georgia—pistols): $45K-$65K
Daniel Defense (Georgia—AR-15 rifles): $45K-$65K
LWRC (Maryland—rifles): $45K-$65K

Manufacturing positions offer:

Stable employment (established companies)
Benefits packages (healthcare, 401k)
Regular schedules (shift work, typically 1st or 2nd shift)
Employee discounts on firearms (significant perk)
Advancement opportunities (lead, supervisor, quality, machining)
Clean, climate-controlled facilities

Starting pay is moderate ($40K-$48K), but experienced technicians, especially those who move into CNC machining, quality inspection, or supervisory roles, earn $55K-$75K+.

Location matters—manufacturers in higher cost-of-living states (New Hampshire, Connecticut) pay more than those in lower-cost states (Tennessee, Georgia).

Best for: 91Fs who want stable manufacturing employment, prefer production work over customer service, value benefits and regular schedules, and want employee firearm discounts.

Defense contractor (weapons systems)—highest pay for military experience

Civilian job titles:

Small arms technician (defense contractor)
Weapons systems mechanic
Armament technician
Field service technician (military weapons)
Technical support specialist

Salary ranges:

Entry-level defense contractor tech: $50,000-$65,000
Experienced weapons systems tech: $65,000-$82,000
Field service technician (travel): $70,000-$90,000
Senior technician: $85,000-$100,000+

What translates directly:

Military weapons systems expertise
M4, M249, M240, M2 .50 cal maintenance (exactly what contractors support)
Security clearance (MAJOR advantage)
Military procedures and documentation
Depot-level maintenance
Working with military units
Technical manual interpretation

Certifications needed:

Security clearance (maintain yours—worth $15K-$25K premium)
Manufacturer certifications (employer-provided—Colt, FN, etc.)
No additional civilian certifications required (your 91F training is the credential)

Reality check: Defense contractors supporting military small arms need technicians who already know the weapons systems. Your 91F experience is exactly what they want—no training required.

Defense contractors hiring 91Fs:

FN America (manufacturer of M249, M240 for military—contracts for support)
Colt's Manufacturing (M4 carbine manufacturer—field service support)
General Dynamics Ordnance and Tactical Systems (small arms ammunition)
Oshkosh Defense, BAE Systems, General Dynamics (vehicle-mounted weapons systems)
Weapons maintenance contractors (on-base support at military installations)

Defense contractor roles offer:

High pay (best compensation for 91F skills)
Security clearance premium ($10K-$25K extra)
Working with familiar military weapons
Supporting military units (mission-oriented)
Travel opportunities (field service, deployment support—pays extra)
Benefits and job security (government contracts)

Field service technicians who deploy to support military operations overseas earn premium pay ($70K-$100K+) with hazard pay, per diem, and tax advantages.

Some positions require relocation to military depot locations (Anniston, Alabama; Rock Island, Illinois) but offer stable long-term employment.

Best for: 91Fs who want highest pay for military weapons expertise, have active security clearance, willing to work on military bases or travel, and prefer continuing to support military operations.

Custom/high-end gunsmith (entrepreneurial, passion-driven)

Civilian job titles:

Custom gunsmith
Master gunsmith
Precision rifle builder
Gunsmith shop owner
Firearms restoration specialist

Salary ranges:

Apprentice/entry gunsmith: $30,000-$42,000
Experienced gunsmith: $45,000-$60,000
Master gunsmith (employed): $60,000-$75,000
Custom builder (independent): $50,000-$100,000+ (varies widely)
Successful shop owner: $75,000-$150,000+ (business-dependent)

What translates directly:

Firearms disassembly, assembly, and function
Troubleshooting malfunctions
Precision work and attention to detail
Safety protocols
Technical knowledge of firearms mechanisms
Customer service (explaining technical issues)

Certifications needed:

Professional Gunsmithing Diploma (trade school): $10,000-$25,000, 12-24 months
- Major schools: SDI (Sonoran Desert Institute—online), Colorado School of Trades, Pennsylvania Gunsmith School, Lassen Community College
AGI (American Gunsmithing Institute) courses: $2,000-$8,000 (online, specialized)
NRA Gunsmithing certifications: $500-$1,500
State gunsmith license (if required): Varies by state
FFL (Federal Firearms License) (required for business): $200 for 3 years

Reality check: Custom gunsmithing is highly competitive and requires business skills, not just technical skills. Many gunsmiths struggle to make $50K annually. However, master gunsmiths specializing in precision rifles, restoration, or custom builds can earn $75K-$100K+ if they build strong reputations.

Your 91F experience gives you technical foundation, but custom gunsmithing requires additional training:

Stock work and fitting
Metal refinishing and bluing
Trigger work and tuning
Scope mounting and bore-sighting
Custom modifications
Business operations (if independent)

Paths to custom gunsmithing:

Attend gunsmithing school (12-24 months, use GI Bill)
Apprentice with established gunsmith (low pay but valuable learning)
Start with retail gunsmith position, build skills and reputation
Eventually open independent shop or build custom firearms

High-end niches that pay well:

Precision rifle building (long-range competition, hunting—$3K-$10K per rifle)
1911 customization (competitive shooting market—premium prices)
Restoration (antique/collectible firearms—specialized market)
Law enforcement/military customization (agency contracts)

Best for: 91Fs with entrepreneurial mindset, willing to invest in additional training, passionate about firearms craftsmanship, patient with building business over 5-10 years, and comfortable with variable income.

Retail firearms sales and range management

Civilian job titles:

Firearms sales associate
Gun store manager
Shooting range manager
Range safety officer
Firearms retail manager

Salary ranges:

Firearms sales associate: $30,000-$42,000 + commission
Store gunsmith/tech: $38,000-$52,000
Range manager: $45,000-$65,000
Retail store manager: $50,000-$70,000
Regional manager (chains): $70,000-$90,000+

What translates directly:

Firearms knowledge and expertise
Safety protocols and procedures
Customer education
Troubleshooting customer firearms issues
Range operations and safety
Leadership and management

Certifications needed:

FFL (if you're the license holder): $200 for 3 years
NRA Range Safety Officer: $75-$150
NRA Firearms Instructor certifications: $200-$500 per discipline
State-specific certifications (varies)

Reality check: Retail firearms sales and range management offer stable employment but moderate pay. Major sporting goods retailers and standalone gun stores/ranges need staff with firearms expertise.

Employers:

Major retailers (Academy Sports, Bass Pro Shops, Cabela's, Sportsman's Warehouse)
National chains (Shoot Point Blank, Range USA)
Independent gun stores (locally owned—10,000+ in America)
Indoor/outdoor shooting ranges (growing industry)

Retail positions offer:

Stable schedules (store hours)
Employee discounts (significant for firearms enthusiasts)
Management advancement opportunities
Combination of sales and technical work
Customer interaction

Sales associates earn base salary plus commission on firearms/accessories sales. Strong salespeople can push total comp to $45K-$55K at busy stores.

Range managers at large indoor facilities earn $50K-$70K managing operations, safety, and staff.

Best for: 91Fs who enjoy customer service, want stable retail environment, prefer combination of sales and technical work, and see path to management in retail firearms industry.

Skills translation table (for your resume)

Stop writing "91F Small Arms/Artillery Repairer" and assuming civilians understand what that means. Translate it:

Military Skill	Civilian Translation
91F Small Arms/Artillery Repairer	Firearms technician with 4+ years performing organizational and depot-level maintenance on rifles, pistols, machine guns, and crew-served weapons
M4/M16 maintenance	Expert-level armorer for AR-15/M16 platform—diagnosis, repair, parts replacement, function testing
M9/M17 pistol maintenance	Certified armorer for semi-automatic pistols—Beretta M9, Sig Sauer M17 platforms
M249/M240 machine gun maintenance	Crew-served weapons expert—headspace, timing, barrel replacement, function checks
M2 .50 cal maintenance	Heavy machine gun maintenance including headspace, timing, and depot-level repairs
Artillery weapons maintenance	Maintained howitzer and mortar systems—breech mechanisms, firing systems, recoil systems
Headspace and timing	Performed precision headspace and timing adjustments on crew-served weapons ensuring safe function
Test firing	Conducted function testing and test firing verifying proper operation and safety
Technical manual interpretation	Applied armorer-level technical procedures from military technical manuals
Parts accountability	Managed sensitive firearms parts inventory with 100% accountability

Use quantifiable results: "Maintained 200+ small arms at 98% operational readiness," "Performed depot-level maintenance on 15+ weapon types," "Diagnosed and repaired 500+ weapon malfunctions."

Drop military nomenclature. Don't write "PMCS," "TM 9-1005-319-23&P," or "Class IX" without translation. Write "preventive maintenance," "armorer technical manual," and "replacement parts."

Certifications that actually matter

Here's what's worth your time and GI Bill money as a 91F:

High priority (if pursuing law enforcement/agency armorer):

Manufacturer armorer certifications - Industry-required credentials for agency armorers. Cost: $350-$600 per manufacturer (2-day courses). Priority: Glock (most agencies use), Sig Sauer, AR-15 platform. Time: 2 days each. Value: Required by most agencies; demonstrates professional competency; may increase pay $3K-$8K.

NRA Gunsmithing certifications - Recognized credential. Cost: $500-$1,500 depending on level. Time: Varies. Value: Strengthens resume for armorer and gunsmith positions; shows professional development.

FFL (Federal Firearms License) - If opening business or some employment requires. Cost: $200 for 3 years (Type 01 or Type 07). Time: Application and inspection process (2-6 months). Value: Required to run gunsmithing business; some contractors require.

High priority (if pursuing custom gunsmithing):

Professional Gunsmithing Program - Formal training credential. Cost: $10,000-$25,000 (covered by GI Bill at approved schools). Time: 12-24 months. Schools: SDI (online), Colorado School of Trades, Pennsylvania Gunsmith School. Value: Comprehensive training in all aspects of gunsmithing; industry-recognized diploma; required knowledge for independent work.

AGI (American Gunsmithing Institute) courses - Specialized training. Cost: $200-$500 per course, $2,000-$8,000 for comprehensive library. Time: Self-paced online. Value: Platform-specific expertise (1911, AR-15, bolt-action, etc.); flexible online learning.

Medium priority (career advancement):

NRA Firearms Instructor certifications - Teaching credentials. Cost: $200-$500 per discipline (pistol, rifle, shotgun). Time: 2 days per certification. Value: Enables firearms instruction at ranges, agencies, private training—supplemental income $30-$75/hour.

Security clearance maintenance - For defense contractors. Cost: $0 if you keep it active. Value: Worth $15K-$25K premium for defense contractor positions. Find job requiring clearance within 2 years or it lapses.

CNC machining training - If pursuing firearms manufacturing. Cost: $1,000-$3,000 or employer-provided. Value: Significantly increases value in manufacturing—CNC operators earn $55K-$72K vs. $40K-$48K assemblers.

Low priority (situational):

Cerakote/Duracoat certifications - Firearms finishing. Cost: $500-$2,000. Value: Useful for custom gunsmithing; adds service offering; limited stand-alone value.

Engraving courses - Decorative specialty. Cost: $1,000-$5,000. Value: High-end custom work; artistic skill required; very niche market.

The skills gap (what you need to learn)

Be honest about civilian skills you don't have:

Custom gunsmithing techniques: Military armoring is maintenance and repair using factory parts. Custom gunsmithing involves stock work, metal finishing, trigger jobs, custom modifications, bedding, and aesthetic work. These require additional training beyond military 91F experience.

Business operations (if going independent): Running a gunsmith business requires FFL management (extensive record-keeping, ATF compliance), liability insurance, customer acquisition, pricing, invoicing, and tax planning. Many 91Fs have technical skills but struggle with regulatory compliance and business administration.

Civilian market preferences: Civilian firearms market emphasizes different aspects than military—aesthetics, custom features, accuracy tuning, hunting applications. Military focuses on durability and function. Understanding civilian customer desires requires market knowledge.

Sales and customer service: Retail and range positions require sales skills, conflict resolution, and customer service—very different from military armorer work where you just maintain weapons and return them to units.

Patience with slow career build: Unlike other trades where certifications immediately boost pay, gunsmithing reputation and income build slowly over years. Many gunsmiths work other jobs while establishing their business. Be prepared for 3-5 year build period.

Real 91F success stories

Mike, 29, former 91F (E-5) → Federal agency armorer

After 6 years as 91F, Mike separated and applied to DEA field office armorer position. Hired as GS-9 civilian ($58K) maintaining agency firearms and supporting SWAT team. Completed Glock, Sig Sauer, and AR-15 armorer courses (agency-paid). Promoted to GS-11 ($72K) after 3 years. Stable government employment, excellent benefits, works with specialized weapons, supports federal law enforcement mission.

Jessica, 31, former 91F (E-6) → Firearms manufacturing (Sig Sauer)

Jessica served 8 years, separated as Staff Sergeant. Applied to Sig Sauer manufacturing facility in New Hampshire. Hired as firearms assembly technician ($46K). Completed company CNC training program over 2 years. Now CNC machinist making $64K manufacturing pistol slides and components. Clean work environment, excellent benefits, employee firearms discounts, stable career.

Carlos, 27, former 91F (E-4) → Defense contractor (FN America)

Carlos did one enlistment, maintained security clearance. Applied to FN America field service positions. Hired as weapons systems technician ($68K) providing depot maintenance and field support for M249/M240 machine guns at military installations. Travels to military bases, works with familiar weapons, supports military units. Clearance premium pay, travel per diem, mission-oriented work just like military.

Robert, 34, former 91F (E-7) → Custom gunsmith/shop owner

Robert served 12 years, separated as Sergeant First Class. Attended Colorado School of Trades (GI Bill—18 months). Worked for established gunsmith 2 years learning business ($42K). Opened independent shop at 32 specializing in precision rifle builds. Builds 30-40 custom rifles annually at $4K-$8K each. Grosses $150K, nets ~$85K after shop expenses, parts, tools. Controls schedule, builds firearms he's passionate about, established reputation in long-range shooting community.

Action plan: your first 180 days out

Here's your transition roadmap:

Months 1-2: Direction and preparation

Decide your path (critical for 91Fs—very different paths):
- Law enforcement armorer: Focus on agency jobs, manufacturer certs
- Manufacturing: Target major firearms companies, emphasize production
- Defense contractor: Maintain clearance, target military support contracts
- Custom gunsmith: Research schools, plan long-term business development
- Retail/range: Target sporting goods, gun stores, shooting facilities
Get 10 certified copies of DD-214
Document security clearance status (if applicable—critical for contractors)
List all weapons platforms you maintained (resume content)
Research FFL requirements if considering independent work

Months 3-4: Training and applications

If pursuing law enforcement armorer:
- Apply to local/state/federal agencies (USAJobs.gov for federal)
- Self-fund Glock armorer course if possible ($400—shows initiative)
- Target agencies that need armorers
If pursuing manufacturing:
- Apply to all major manufacturers (Sig, Glock, Ruger, S&W, Springfield, Remington)
- Emphasize production experience, quality focus, discipline
If pursuing defense contractor:
- Apply to FN America, Colt, General Dynamics, weapons maintenance contractors
- Verify clearance status (critical—worth $15K-$25K)
If pursuing gunsmithing:
- Apply to gunsmithing schools using GI Bill (SDI, Colorado School of Trades)
- Plan for 12-24 month training before full-time gunsmithing income

Months 5-6: Job search and selection

Apply to 20-30 positions across your chosen path
Network with other former 91Fs on LinkedIn
Join firearms industry groups (forums, Facebook groups)
Consider SkillBridge with firearms manufacturer or agency
Practice explaining military weapons experience in civilian terms
Prepare for technical questions (function checks, common malfunctions)
Compare offers considering:
- Total compensation (salary + benefits)
- Growth potential (career path options)
- Work environment (agency vs. manufacturing vs. custom)
- Location and cost of living
Negotiate salary (don't accept first offer without counter)

Bottom line for Army 91F Small Arms/Artillery Repairers

Your 91F experience is specialized and valuable—but you need to target the right sectors where military weapons expertise matters.

The firearms industry is diverse: law enforcement armorers, manufacturing technicians, defense contractors, custom gunsmiths, and retail all need qualified people. Your military weapons maintenance background opens doors, but different paths offer very different compensation and lifestyles.

Law enforcement/military armorers earn $55K-$80K with government benefits and stability. Defense contractors pay $65K-$90K+ leveraging your military experience directly. Manufacturing offers $45K-$65K with structured employment. Custom gunsmithing is entrepreneurial (highly variable $40K-$100K+) requiring additional training and business skills.

You've maintained the U.S. military's small arms arsenal—M4s, M9s, M249s, M240s, and artillery systems. You understand weapons mechanisms, troubleshooting, and precision maintenance. Those skills have civilian value in the right roles.

Choose your path strategically. Law enforcement and defense contractors offer best immediate pay. Manufacturing provides stability. Custom gunsmithing requires long-term business building but offers entrepreneurial freedom.

First-year income of $45K-$65K is realistic depending on path chosen. Within 5-7 years, $60K-$85K+ is achievable in specialized roles. Independent master gunsmiths with strong reputations can earn $75K-$120K+.

Your military weapons expertise, safety discipline, precision maintenance skills, and work ethic are assets. Target strategic employers, get relevant certifications, and leverage your specialized knowledge.

The firearms industry needs qualified professionals. You maintained weapons systems in the world's most demanding environment. Apply that expertise strategically.

Execute the plan.

Ready to build your transition plan? Use the career planning tools at Military Transition Toolkit to map your skills, research salaries, and track your certifications.

Bottom Line Up Front

Let's address the elephant in the room

Every 91F separating hears the same concern: "Aren't gun industry jobs hard to find and don't they pay poorly?"

You didn't just "clean guns." You:

Performed depot and organizational maintenance on M4/M16 rifles, M9/M17 pistols, M2 .50 cal machine guns, M249/M240 machine guns, M320 grenade launchers
Repaired and maintained artillery weapons systems (M119 howitzer, M777, M109 paladin)
Diagnosed malfunctions using technical manuals and diagnostic procedures
Replaced barrels, bolts, firing pins, extractors, and other critical components
Performed headspace and timing on crew-served weapons
Conducted test firing and function checks
Maintained detailed repair records and parts accountability
Used precision measurement tools (headspace gauges, timing gauges, micrometers)
Applied armorer-level expertise across multiple weapons platforms
Maintained security and accountability for sensitive military weapons

Best civilian career paths for 91F Small Arms/Artillery Repairers

Let's get specific. Here are the fields where 91Fs consistently land good jobs, with real 2024-2025 salary data.

Law enforcement/military armorer (best use of military experience)

Civilian job titles:

Law enforcement armorer
Police department armorer
Federal agency armorer
Military base armorer (civilian)
SWAT team armorer
Corrections facility armorer

Salary ranges:

Entry-level agency armorer: $45,000-$58,000
Experienced law enforcement armorer: $60,000-$75,000
Federal agency armorer (GS-9 to GS-11): $55,000-$80,000
Military installation armorer (civilian): $50,000-$70,000
Senior armorer/firearms instructor: $70,000-$85,000+

What translates directly:

M4/AR-15 platform expertise (most agencies use AR-15 variants)
Pistol maintenance (agencies use Glock, Sig Sauer, others)
Function checking and troubleshooting
Maintenance documentation and accountability
Safety protocols and procedures
Test firing and qualification support
Parts ordering and inventory management
Working with duty weapons (not custom builds)

Certifications needed:

Manufacturer armorer certifications (employer-provided or self-funded):
- Glock Armorer: $350-$500 (2-day course)
- Sig Sauer Armorer: $400-$600
- Smith & Wesson Armorer: $350-$500
- Colt/Remington AR-15 Armorer: $400-$600
NRA Gunsmithing certifications (optional but helpful): $500-$1,500
State gunsmith licenses (varies—some states require)
FFL (Federal Firearms License) (sometimes required): $200 for 3 years

Employers actively hiring former 91Fs:

Local police departments (city, county, state police)
Federal agencies (FBI, DEA, ATF, U.S. Marshals, CBP, Secret Service)
Military installations (civilian armorer positions supporting base ranges and units)
Corrections facilities (state and federal prisons—armory management)
State police/highway patrol (statewide agencies with large arsenals)

Law enforcement armorer roles offer:

Stable employment (government positions)
Excellent benefits (government health insurance, pensions)
Regular hours (typically Monday-Friday day shift)
Clean, secure work environment (agency armory)
Support firearms training (range operations, qualifications)
Mission-oriented culture (similar to military)

Federal civilian positions (working as armorer on military bases or for federal agencies) offer GS pay scale with predictable raises and career progression.

Firearms manufacturing technician (production, best volume/benefits)

Civilian job titles:

Firearms assembly technician
Weapons manufacturing tech
Firearms production worker
Quality control inspector (firearms)
CNC operator (firearms)
Firearms tester

Salary ranges:

Entry-level firearms assembler: $35,000-$45,000
Experienced manufacturing tech: $45,000-$58,000
CNC machinist (firearms): $55,000-$72,000
Quality inspector: $50,000-$65,000
Production supervisor: $65,000-$85,000+

What translates directly:

Firearms assembly and disassembly
Quality inspection and function checking
Understanding of firearms mechanisms
Test firing procedures
Safety protocols
Precision work and attention to detail
Technical documentation

Certifications needed:

Manufacturer-specific training (employer-provided)
CNC operation/programming (if pursuing machining): $1,000-$3,000
Quality control certifications (varies by manufacturer)
OSHA 10 (manufacturing safety): $50-$100

Reality check: Major firearms manufacturers employ hundreds to thousands of workers. Your 91F background demonstrates firearms knowledge and military discipline—exactly what manufacturers want.

Major firearms manufacturers:

Sig Sauer (New Hampshire—pistols, rifles): $45K-$65K
Smith & Wesson (Massachusetts, Tennessee—revolvers, pistols, rifles): $42K-$60K
Ruger (Connecticut, North Carolina, Arizona—diverse product line): $40K-$58K
Springfield Armory (Illinois—pistols, rifles): $42K-$60K
Remington/Marlin (multiple locations—rifles, shotguns): $40K-$58K
Glock (Georgia—pistols): $45K-$65K
Daniel Defense (Georgia—AR-15 rifles): $45K-$65K
LWRC (Maryland—rifles): $45K-$65K

Manufacturing positions offer:

Stable employment (established companies)
Benefits packages (healthcare, 401k)
Regular schedules (shift work, typically 1st or 2nd shift)
Employee discounts on firearms (significant perk)
Advancement opportunities (lead, supervisor, quality, machining)
Clean, climate-controlled facilities

Starting pay is moderate ($40K-$48K), but experienced technicians, especially those who move into CNC machining, quality inspection, or supervisory roles, earn $55K-$75K+.

Location matters—manufacturers in higher cost-of-living states (New Hampshire, Connecticut) pay more than those in lower-cost states (Tennessee, Georgia).

Best for: 91Fs who want stable manufacturing employment, prefer production work over customer service, value benefits and regular schedules, and want employee firearm discounts.

Defense contractor (weapons systems)—highest pay for military experience

Civilian job titles:

Small arms technician (defense contractor)
Weapons systems mechanic
Armament technician
Field service technician (military weapons)
Technical support specialist

Salary ranges:

Entry-level defense contractor tech: $50,000-$65,000
Experienced weapons systems tech: $65,000-$82,000
Field service technician (travel): $70,000-$90,000
Senior technician: $85,000-$100,000+

What translates directly:

Military weapons systems expertise
M4, M249, M240, M2 .50 cal maintenance (exactly what contractors support)
Security clearance (MAJOR advantage)
Military procedures and documentation
Depot-level maintenance
Working with military units
Technical manual interpretation

Certifications needed:

Security clearance (maintain yours—worth $15K-$25K premium)
Manufacturer certifications (employer-provided—Colt, FN, etc.)
No additional civilian certifications required (your 91F training is the credential)

Reality check: Defense contractors supporting military small arms need technicians who already know the weapons systems. Your 91F experience is exactly what they want—no training required.

Defense contractors hiring 91Fs:

FN America (manufacturer of M249, M240 for military—contracts for support)
Colt's Manufacturing (M4 carbine manufacturer—field service support)
General Dynamics Ordnance and Tactical Systems (small arms ammunition)
Oshkosh Defense, BAE Systems, General Dynamics (vehicle-mounted weapons systems)
Weapons maintenance contractors (on-base support at military installations)

Defense contractor roles offer:

High pay (best compensation for 91F skills)
Security clearance premium ($10K-$25K extra)
Working with familiar military weapons
Supporting military units (mission-oriented)
Travel opportunities (field service, deployment support—pays extra)
Benefits and job security (government contracts)

Field service technicians who deploy to support military operations overseas earn premium pay ($70K-$100K+) with hazard pay, per diem, and tax advantages.

Some positions require relocation to military depot locations (Anniston, Alabama; Rock Island, Illinois) but offer stable long-term employment.

Custom/high-end gunsmith (entrepreneurial, passion-driven)

Civilian job titles:

Custom gunsmith
Master gunsmith
Precision rifle builder
Gunsmith shop owner
Firearms restoration specialist

Salary ranges:

Apprentice/entry gunsmith: $30,000-$42,000
Experienced gunsmith: $45,000-$60,000
Master gunsmith (employed): $60,000-$75,000
Custom builder (independent): $50,000-$100,000+ (varies widely)
Successful shop owner: $75,000-$150,000+ (business-dependent)

What translates directly:

Firearms disassembly, assembly, and function
Troubleshooting malfunctions
Precision work and attention to detail
Safety protocols
Technical knowledge of firearms mechanisms
Customer service (explaining technical issues)

Certifications needed:

Professional Gunsmithing Diploma (trade school): $10,000-$25,000, 12-24 months
- Major schools: SDI (Sonoran Desert Institute—online), Colorado School of Trades, Pennsylvania Gunsmith School, Lassen Community College
AGI (American Gunsmithing Institute) courses: $2,000-$8,000 (online, specialized)
NRA Gunsmithing certifications: $500-$1,500
State gunsmith license (if required): Varies by state
FFL (Federal Firearms License) (required for business): $200 for 3 years

Your 91F experience gives you technical foundation, but custom gunsmithing requires additional training:

Stock work and fitting
Metal refinishing and bluing
Trigger work and tuning
Scope mounting and bore-sighting
Custom modifications
Business operations (if independent)

Paths to custom gunsmithing:

Attend gunsmithing school (12-24 months, use GI Bill)
Apprentice with established gunsmith (low pay but valuable learning)
Start with retail gunsmith position, build skills and reputation
Eventually open independent shop or build custom firearms

High-end niches that pay well:

Precision rifle building (long-range competition, hunting—$3K-$10K per rifle)
1911 customization (competitive shooting market—premium prices)
Restoration (antique/collectible firearms—specialized market)
Law enforcement/military customization (agency contracts)

Retail firearms sales and range management

Civilian job titles:

Firearms sales associate
Gun store manager
Shooting range manager
Range safety officer
Firearms retail manager

Salary ranges:

Firearms sales associate: $30,000-$42,000 + commission
Store gunsmith/tech: $38,000-$52,000
Range manager: $45,000-$65,000
Retail store manager: $50,000-$70,000
Regional manager (chains): $70,000-$90,000+

What translates directly:

Firearms knowledge and expertise
Safety protocols and procedures
Customer education
Troubleshooting customer firearms issues
Range operations and safety
Leadership and management

Certifications needed:

FFL (if you're the license holder): $200 for 3 years
NRA Range Safety Officer: $75-$150
NRA Firearms Instructor certifications: $200-$500 per discipline
State-specific certifications (varies)

Employers:

Major retailers (Academy Sports, Bass Pro Shops, Cabela's, Sportsman's Warehouse)
National chains (Shoot Point Blank, Range USA)
Independent gun stores (locally owned—10,000+ in America)
Indoor/outdoor shooting ranges (growing industry)

Retail positions offer:

Stable schedules (store hours)
Employee discounts (significant for firearms enthusiasts)
Management advancement opportunities
Combination of sales and technical work
Customer interaction

Sales associates earn base salary plus commission on firearms/accessories sales. Strong salespeople can push total comp to $45K-$55K at busy stores.

Range managers at large indoor facilities earn $50K-$70K managing operations, safety, and staff.

Best for: 91Fs who enjoy customer service, want stable retail environment, prefer combination of sales and technical work, and see path to management in retail firearms industry.

Skills translation table (for your resume)

Stop writing "91F Small Arms/Artillery Repairer" and assuming civilians understand what that means. Translate it:

Military Skill	Civilian Translation
91F Small Arms/Artillery Repairer	Firearms technician with 4+ years performing organizational and depot-level maintenance on rifles, pistols, machine guns, and crew-served weapons
M4/M16 maintenance	Expert-level armorer for AR-15/M16 platform—diagnosis, repair, parts replacement, function testing
M9/M17 pistol maintenance	Certified armorer for semi-automatic pistols—Beretta M9, Sig Sauer M17 platforms
M249/M240 machine gun maintenance	Crew-served weapons expert—headspace, timing, barrel replacement, function checks
M2 .50 cal maintenance	Heavy machine gun maintenance including headspace, timing, and depot-level repairs
Artillery weapons maintenance	Maintained howitzer and mortar systems—breech mechanisms, firing systems, recoil systems
Headspace and timing	Performed precision headspace and timing adjustments on crew-served weapons ensuring safe function
Test firing	Conducted function testing and test firing verifying proper operation and safety
Technical manual interpretation	Applied armorer-level technical procedures from military technical manuals
Parts accountability	Managed sensitive firearms parts inventory with 100% accountability

Use quantifiable results: "Maintained 200+ small arms at 98% operational readiness," "Performed depot-level maintenance on 15+ weapon types," "Diagnosed and repaired 500+ weapon malfunctions."

Drop military nomenclature. Don't write "PMCS," "TM 9-1005-319-23&P," or "Class IX" without translation. Write "preventive maintenance," "armorer technical manual," and "replacement parts."

Certifications that actually matter

Here's what's worth your time and GI Bill money as a 91F:

High priority (if pursuing law enforcement/agency armorer):

High priority (if pursuing custom gunsmithing):

Medium priority (career advancement):

Low priority (situational):

Cerakote/Duracoat certifications - Firearms finishing. Cost: $500-$2,000. Value: Useful for custom gunsmithing; adds service offering; limited stand-alone value.

Engraving courses - Decorative specialty. Cost: $1,000-$5,000. Value: High-end custom work; artistic skill required; very niche market.

The skills gap (what you need to learn)

Be honest about civilian skills you don't have:

Real 91F success stories

Mike, 29, former 91F (E-5) → Federal agency armorer

Jessica, 31, former 91F (E-6) → Firearms manufacturing (Sig Sauer)

Carlos, 27, former 91F (E-4) → Defense contractor (FN America)

Robert, 34, former 91F (E-7) → Custom gunsmith/shop owner

Action plan: your first 180 days out

Here's your transition roadmap:

Months 1-2: Direction and preparation

Decide your path (critical for 91Fs—very different paths):
- Law enforcement armorer: Focus on agency jobs, manufacturer certs
- Manufacturing: Target major firearms companies, emphasize production
- Defense contractor: Maintain clearance, target military support contracts
- Custom gunsmith: Research schools, plan long-term business development
- Retail/range: Target sporting goods, gun stores, shooting facilities
Get 10 certified copies of DD-214
Document security clearance status (if applicable—critical for contractors)
List all weapons platforms you maintained (resume content)
Research FFL requirements if considering independent work

Months 3-4: Training and applications

If pursuing law enforcement armorer:
- Apply to local/state/federal agencies (USAJobs.gov for federal)
- Self-fund Glock armorer course if possible ($400—shows initiative)
- Target agencies that need armorers
If pursuing manufacturing:
- Apply to all major manufacturers (Sig, Glock, Ruger, S&W, Springfield, Remington)
- Emphasize production experience, quality focus, discipline
If pursuing defense contractor:
- Apply to FN America, Colt, General Dynamics, weapons maintenance contractors
- Verify clearance status (critical—worth $15K-$25K)
If pursuing gunsmithing:
- Apply to gunsmithing schools using GI Bill (SDI, Colorado School of Trades)
- Plan for 12-24 month training before full-time gunsmithing income

Months 5-6: Job search and selection

Apply to 20-30 positions across your chosen path
Network with other former 91Fs on LinkedIn
Join firearms industry groups (forums, Facebook groups)
Consider SkillBridge with firearms manufacturer or agency
Practice explaining military weapons experience in civilian terms
Prepare for technical questions (function checks, common malfunctions)
Compare offers considering:
- Total compensation (salary + benefits)
- Growth potential (career path options)
- Work environment (agency vs. manufacturing vs. custom)
- Location and cost of living
Negotiate salary (don't accept first offer without counter)

Bottom line for Army 91F Small Arms/Artillery Repairers

Your 91F experience is specialized and valuable—but you need to target the right sectors where military weapons expertise matters.

The firearms industry needs qualified professionals. You maintained weapons systems in the world's most demanding environment. Apply that expertise strategically.

Execute the plan.

Ready to build your transition plan? Use the career planning tools at Military Transition Toolkit to map your skills, research salaries, and track your certifications.